How do germ-line mutations differ from somatic mutations? Germ-line mutations are reversible, while somatic mutations are not. Germ-line mutations result in mutant gametes, while somatic mutations do not. Germ-line mutations occur during DNA replication, while somatic mutations do not. Germ-line mutations result in cancers, while somatic mutations do not. Germ-line mutations involve small changes to DNA such as base-pair substitutions, while somatic mutations involve large deletions.
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- Any permanent change to the structure of DNA is considered a mutation. A somatic cell mutation affects only the individual organism, while a germline mutation is passed onto the next generation. For example, excessive amount of exposure to UV rays can lead to skin cancer. Although this type of mutation occurs in the somatic cells, every individual has different susceptibility to skin cell mutations upon exposure to UV rays. The susceptibility is located in the germ cell and is heritable. The individuals who choose to overexpose themselves to UV rays increase their likelihood of obtaining undesirable mutations in their somatic cells. Unlike suntanning, there are other activities we engage in that can lead to germline mutations. These activities should be avoided if possible as they lead to heritable mutations and cancer. Using 200 words or less, identify one human activity that can lead to a heritable mutation. Explain how it affects the individual and how it can be passed onto the…Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is a disease that manifests in muscle weakness. It exhibits X-linked recessive inheritance pattern. The dystrophin gene is large and can have many different mutations along the DNA. From the following mutations between the gene sequence (DNA template strand) of a healthy male and an affected brother determine if they would affect the production of mRNA or the sequence of the protein. Base your analysis on the position of the mutation in the transcription unit, and the impact of the change on the codons. Mutation 1: Position -6 Healthy individual A Affected brother C Group of answer choices A. Normal mRNA, normal protein B. No mRNA produced (promoter affected) C. Abnormal mRNA, affected protein D. Normal mRNA, affected protein Base your analysis on the position of the mutation in the transcription unit, and the impact of the change on the codons.Fragile X syndrome, caused by a change in the FMR1 gene, is the most common form of intellectual disability. In patients with this syndrome, a small part of the gene is repeated several times in one area of the chromosome. This defect in the gene makes the body unable to produce adequate amounts of a protein needed for normal brain functioning. In males, this syndrome causes a moderate intellectual disability, and in females, a mild intellectual disability. A family that exhibits Fragile X syndrome is shown in the pedigree. In the pedigree, squares represent males and circles represent females. Shaded symbols represent a person with the disorder. Which of the following correctly predicts the outcome if offspring 11 mated with a homozygous normal female, based on the inheritance pattern shown in the pedigree? A - The male offspring would exhibit Fragile X syndrome because Fragile X is an X-linked recessive trait. B - The female offspring would exhibit Fragile X syndrome because Fragile…
- Fragile X syndrome, caused by a change in the FMR1 gene, is the most common form of intellectual disability. In patients with this syndrome, a small part of the gene is repeated several times in one area of the chromosome. This defect in the gene makes the body unable to produce adequate amounts of a protein needed for normal brain functioning. In males, this syndrome causes a moderate intellectual disability, and in females, a mild intellectual disability. A family that exhibits Fragile X syndrome is shown in the pedigree. In the pedigree, squares represent males and circles represent females. Shaded symbols represent a person with the disorder. 3 6 7 8. 9 10 11 Which of the following correctly predicts the outcome if offspring 11 mated with a homozygous normal female, based on the inheritance pattern shown in the pedigree? The male offspring would exhibit Fragile X syndrome because Fragile X is an X-linked recessive trait. The female offspring would exhibit Fragile X syndrome because…Fragile X syndrome why is interesting Fragile X syndrome What are the symptoms or characteristics of this disorder or trait? What is the prevalence of the trait or disorder? What are the main genetic factors? s the genetic cause of this disorder or trait known? What gene(s) have been proven to be involved? Or, if not known, what genes are thought to be involved? Is it caused by a single gene? polygenic? Multifactorial? Devote a few paragraphs to this This could be one of the longest parts of the paper, if you choose to focus on this. If multiple genes are thought to be involved, discuss the specific role of at least one of them in depth (if known). Is the gene you’re discussing thought to play a major or a minor role in the phenotype? What chromosome is it on? What protein does it code for, and how might the protein possibly contribute to the phenotype? If no genes have yet been identified, indicate this, and devote at least one paragraph to any current efforts to determine which…The gene causing Coffin-Lowry syndrome (OMIM 303600) was recently identified and mapped on the human X chromosome. Coffin-Lowry syndrome is a rare disorder affecting brain morphology and development. It also produces skeletal and growth abnormalities, as well as abnormalities of motor control. Coffin-Lowry syndrome affects males who inherit a mutation of the X-linked gene. Most carrier females show no symptoms of the disease but a few carriers do. These carrier females are always less severely affected than males. Offer an explanation for this finding.
- Briefly explain the differences between somatic and germ line mutations. Also, tell us what kind of differences you expect to see between autosomal and X-linked mutations which lead to genetic disordersA defective gene on chromosome 15 causes Tay-Sachs disease. It is a central nervous system neurodegenerative disease that most often affects infants, though older children and adults can have late-onset forms of the disease. The defective gene prevents the body from making a protein called hexosaminidase A. Without, hexosaminidase A, chemicals called gangliosides build up in the nerve cells of the brain, destroying brain cells.A couple has one daughter with Tay-Sachs disease and three other unaffected children. Neither the mother, nor father, nor any of the biological grandparents of the affected daughter have had the disease. Tay-Sachs disease most likely demonstrates what type of inheritance? Pedigree information regarding the incidence of Tay-Sachs within a family is depicted above. The row below that indicates the genotypes of individuals II-1, II-2, and III-1 is Select one: a. II-1 II-2 III-1 Aa Aa aa b. II-1 II-2 III-1 XAY XAXa XAXa c. II-1 II-2 III-1…A defective gene on chromosome 15 causes Tay-Sachs disease. It is a central nervous system neurodegenerative disease that most often affects infants, though older children and adults can have late-onset forms of the disease. The defective gene prevents the body from making a protein called hexosaminidase A. Without, hexosaminidase A, chemicals called gangliosides build up in the nerve cells of the brain, destroying brain cells.A couple has one daughter with Tay-Sachs disease and three other unaffected children. Neither the mother, nor father, nor any of the biological grandparents of the affected daughter have had the disease. Tay-Sachs disease most likely demonstrates what type of inheritance? Select one: a. autosomal dominant b. X-linked recessive c. X-linked dominant d. autosomal recessive
- Why do gene mutations not result in chromosomal mutations?Two major categories of mutations are germline mutations and somatic mutations. Select one: True FalseA subset of colorectal cancers is associated with mutations in the Mut genes which code for proteins involved in repairing DNA mismatches. How would mutations in the Mut genes affect the DNA of an individual?