Q: Differentiate between the three lines of defense, describingexamples of each.
A: Immunity is defined as the balanced state of all multicellular organisms that are characterized by…
Q: List the natural defenses present in the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems.
A: The cardiovascular system is also known as the circulatory system. It is the circulatory system…
Q: Explain the Action of the complement system against abacterium ?
A: Complement is a complex protein network of plasma and an integral part of the innate immune system.…
Q: Describe the barriers to entry that keep pathogens out of the body.
A: The immune system protects the body from worms, germs, and different agents of which get damage the…
Q: Describe the stages in the development and course of an infection.
A: Infectious disease can be defined as a disease that is caused by a pathogen. This pathogen can be a…
Q: Explain several ways in which true pathogens differ from opportunisticpathogens.
A: True or primary fungal pathogens are those species that can invade and grow in a healthy…
Q: Describe the clinical stages of infection
A: Clinical infections are the diseases caused by the microbes such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, and…
Q: Describe host tissue specificity for pathogens.
A: A pathogen is anything which is capable of causing disease in an organism. Germs or any infectious…
Q: Describe the factors determining host resistance.
A: Host resistance can be defined as the ability of a host to decrease the action of the pathogen on…
Q: List examples of physical and chemical barriers toinfection.
A: The innate immune system has various first line barriers to prevent infections. These are in place…
Q: Explain the importance of preventing and controlling the spread of infection.
A: Infection refers to the invasion of the microorganism, its spread, and its growth. the results may…
Q: Summarize the characteristics of basic host defenses.
A: Host Defense System is the Immune System which comprises of many biological structures and processes…
Q: What are the signs of the pathogens? Define and give examples.
A: Pathogens:- Pathogens are microorganisms that have the potential to cause infectious diseases.…
Q: Explain the two main features that characterize the third line of host defense mechanisms.
A: Introduction: The immune system is a complex network of immune cells and proteins that work together…
Q: Explain the mechanism of immediate allergies, including theconcepts of IgE, mast cells,…
A: Immunology is the branch of medical science that deals with the study of the immune system and…
Q: Describe the mechanisms pathogens use to penetrate the skin and mucous membranes.
A: Ans: Pathogens: The microorganisms which break the barrier of the human bodies immune system and…
Q: Can host-cell defense molecules be mobilized by drugs to fight infection?
A: Defense mechanism in a human body is divided into two main categories: Innate (the defense mechanism…
Q: describe the external barriers to infection, including how they function and why they are…
A: Innate immune system responds to the infection by activating the first line of defense that includes…
Q: Describe typical, local, and systemic signs of infection.
A: Infection is the multiplication of the microorganisms in the body. There are mainly four types of…
Q: Describe some factors that weaken host defenses and increase susceptibility to infection.
A: Introduction We are surrounded by various pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungus etc. Every…
Q: At what body sites do pathogens typically attach and colonize?
A: Microorganisms or microbes are microscopic organisms that exist as unicellular, multicellular, or…
Q: Define the different types of graft rejection.
A: Introduction The immune system of a transplant recipient fights the transplanted organ or tissue…
Q: Differentiate between exogenous and endogenous infections.
A: Infections are caused when a foreign pathogenic organism infects the host and becomes hostile…
Q: Why do certain drugs become immunogenic to the host?
A: Introduction :- Immunogenicity, which is defined as a cell or tissue's capacity to elicit an immune…
Q: List three local signs of infection and three systemic signs andexplain what is causing these signs.
A: Infection is the invasion and multiplication of the microorganisms in the body such as bacteria,…
Q: Describe the molecules or structures that facilitate pathogenadherence to host tissues.
A: The cell surface receptor or appendages that are known to favor the attachment of bacteria to the…
Q: Explain the term pathogens.
A: Immune system may be defined as one of the important system of the body that helps an individual to…
Q: Describe the timeline of an acute infection, particularly naming which cells are the first to arrive…
A: Acute infections are infections that are caused suddenly by any condition or by pathogens such as…
Q: Characterize the complement system, its origins, and its basicfunctions.
A: The complement system is a part of the immune system that complements the ability of antibodies and…
Q: List the stages of an infection.
A: The condition that involves the invasion and multiplication of microorganisms are defined by the…
Q: Identify adaptations that have contributed to pathogen success.
A: Introduction :- Plant and animal diseases can be infectious or non-infectious. We'll concentrate on…
Q: Explain innate Immunity and Fungal Infection.
A: Introduction :- Immunity refers to a multicellular organism's ability to resist dangerous pathogens.…
Q: Describe how antiviral agents act against infection.
A: A drug is any chemical substance that alters the physiology or psychology of an organism when eaten.…
Q: What conditions compromise host defenses against microorganisms?
A: The term "human microbiome" refers to the complex biological system of microbes that resides in and…
Q: Explain the different types of infection with an example.
A: Introduction We are surrounded by various pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungus etc. Every…
Q: Explain how the host responds to the infection of pathogens.
A: Answer :- There are several ways tothe host responds to the infection of pathogens are as follow :-…
Q: The difference between direct and indirect contact infection? Example
A: Infection is defined as the process of causing harm or disease within the body by the invasion of…
Q: Identify patients most at risk for infection ?
A: A disease is a specific aberrant condition that affects the structure or function of all or part of…
Q: Explain the three mechanisms of graft rejections: (i) Hyperacute rejection (ii) Acute rejection…
A: Graft rejection occurs when the beneficiary's immune system attacks the donated graft and starts to…
Q: How are antivenomsproduced? Why areantivenoms an example ofpassive immunization?
A: Antivenoms are substances which are used to counteract venomous substances from other organisms to…
Q: which pathogen is the most virulent?
A: ID50 measures the minimum size of population of infection causing agents required to initiate and…
Q: Classify acute and chronic diseases according to infectivity and communicability.
A: Introduction We are surrounded by various pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungus etc. Every…
Q: Define the sequence of events for processing and presentingantigens from both intracellular…
A: An antigen is a foreign protein, which is recognized by our immune cells.
Q: What are the Common allergens classified by portal of entry?
A: A material that can produce an allergic reaction is referred to as an allergen. The immune system of…
Identify the classification of host Defenses.
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Solved in 2 steps
- Describe some factors that weaken host defenses and increase susceptibility to infection.Describe several features of the recognition system of host defenses.Define the sequence of events for processing and presentingantigens from both intracellular (endogenous) and extracellular(exogenous) pathogens.
- Describe the factors determining host resistance.Explain the two main features that characterize the third line of host defense mechanisms.i) True or False : Antibodies attach firmly to an antigenic determinant called an epitope.ii) True or False: Band T-cells are the components of the adaptive immune system.iii) True or False: Swelling, redness, and pain of the injured part are due to inflammation of the injured tissue.iv) True or False: Insertion of complement proteins C7, C8, and C9 into the cell membrane of the pathogen is due to the Amphipathic nature of these proteins.v) True or False: During inflammation cells from the adaptive immune systems are mainly recruited towards the site of infection.vi) True or False: Cytokines are released by Macrophages for the killing of the Ag directly.vii) True or False: Macrophages always mature into monocytes at the site of infection.viii) True or False: All components of the Complement systems remain active in the body all the time.ix) True or False: All the factors of the complement system remain active except factor-D due to its substrate specificity for factor-B, bound to…