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- 1.Why do you think glutathione occurs in a concentration as high as glucose? 2.Explain why glutathione must be transported from cytosol to mitochondria. 3.Explain why glutathione can confer therapeutic benefit when taken orally.2. If glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in red blood cells is completely inhibited, which intermediates in glycolysis accumulate most? Please use the following equation and the provided information to explain your reasoning. AG=AG° + RTln [C] [D]d [A] [B]' Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate → Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + Dihydroxyacetone phosphate The standard free energy for the above reaction is: AG" = +23.9 KJ/mol T° = 298 R = 8.314 J mol-¹ K-1H8. Glucose labeled with 14 C at C-1 is added to a solution containing the enzymes and cofactors of the oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway (aka hexose monophosphate pathway) which compounds will contain radioactive carbon? - Ribulose 5 phosphate, no label will be found, all compounds will be labeled, erythrose 4- phosphate, 7-[hps[hpsedoheptulose, fructose 6- phosphate, grlyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, xylulose 5 phosphate ribose 5 phosphate
- 2. If glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in red blood cells is completely inhibited, which intermediates in glycolysis accumulate most? Please use the following equation and the provided information to explain your reasoning. AG=AG° + RTln [C][D]d [A] [B]¹ Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate → Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + Dihydroxyacetone phosphate The standard free energy for the above reaction is: AG" = +23.9 KJ/mol T° = 298 R = 8.314 J mol-¹ K-¹7. Complete the following reactions: ( 关关 H H H OH H H NIC 8. Compare hydrolase and lyase enzymes. ( OH I + HO1)Catalase a. Is catalase activity endothermic or exothermic? b. What classification of enzyme is catalase? c. Give the Enzyme Commission (E.C.) number of catalase. d. Is catalase reusable? answer all and don't copy from other sources I will downvote for sure
- 8. The enzyme thiolase catalyzes one step in the ß-oxidation of saturated fats. One portion of the mechanism for this reaction is shown below. Describe the catalytic mechanism at work. (Note: "SCOA" is shorthand for the compound Acetyl-CoA) RCOCH₂COSCoA + HSCOA → H3C₂OSC0A + RCOSCOA HN NH CH₂ NH CH₂ CH₂ FS Grease NH3 H-SCO A NH CH2 CH₂ NH3 S Co A CH₂ NH 1 3 H-SCO A H3C SCO A NH3 a h-SCOA R-C S Co A CH₂ CH₂ C H₂ 0=0 HN NH + NH3 H₂C HN CH₂ NH CH₂ CH₂ 2 S Co A CH₂ NH NH4. Which of the following formulations will give the highest ATP yield upon complete oxidation? Show the number of ATPs produced per mole of the compound. Formulation A: o Sucrose o Pyruvate o 1,2,3-tristearoyl glyceride o Oxaloacetate Formulation B: o Maltose o Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate o Lauric acid o Ala-met-phe-lys-asp6. In the citric acid cycle the enzyme aconitase catalyzes the conversion of citrate to isocitrate. The reaction is a dehydration-rehydration reaction occurring in two steps thru the intermediate aconitate. citrate 4 aconitate s isocitrate. When the enzyme aconitase is tested in the lab under standard conditions and the reaction allowed to run to equilibrium the concentration of citrate is 0.906 mM, aconitate 0.038 mM, and isocitrate 0.056 mM. a) isocitrate by the aconitase enzyme? Show calculations. (Standards and equations below) What is the AG" (standard free-energy) change for the conversion of citrate to R = 0.008315 kJ/mol·K T= 298 K (at 25°C) AGº=-RTIN Keq From your calculations explain whether the citric acid cycle could proceed under standard conditions? From the AG" calculations you made for the reactions catalyzed by aconitase, thermodynamically how does the citric acid cycle proceed under cellular conditions?
- 3. The enzyme enolase catalyzes the removal of one water molecule ("dehydration") of 2- Phosphoglycerate (2-PGA). The numbering scheme of the enolase carbons is labeled HC-0-P-O + H20 on 2-PGA. || CH2 HO-CH2 2-Phosphoglycerate Phosphoenolpyruvate Part of the catalytic mechanism is as follows: Mg2+ PO?- Mg?+ PO? 'o. Ó H Mg?+ Mg²+; PO? :-C-H C=C-C-H OH OH Нон Enolase но но H-N*-H Lys345 Lys345 Glu211 Glu211 2-Phosphoglycerate bound to enzyme Enolate intermediate Phosphoenolpyruvate а. Draw the mechanism of the reaction by adding arrows to show how electrons move. Mg2+ PO?- Mg2+ po PO H H Mg2+ С -с-с-н Mg2+ C=c-C-H H OH OH Enolase H. H-N-H но но .. H-N-H Lys345 Lys345 Glu211 Glu211 2-Phosphoglycerate bound to enzyme Enolate intermediate Mg?+ PO O. он Mg2+: PO? c=C-C-H OH HOH H но C=C H-N*-H Lys345 Glu211 Enolate intermediate Phosphoenolpyruvate6. When a concentrated alkali solution acts on the purine cycle, it breaks down: A. Ester group B. Imidazole nucleus C. Dioxopyrimidine nucleus D. Lactone cycle 7. According to the Pharmacopoeia, sodium thiopental is quantitatively determined by the following methods: A. Acidimetry B. Alkaimetry C. Gravimetry D. HPLC E. UV spectroscopy 8. When determining the content of free alkali in sodium salts of barbiturates, an indicator is used: A. Methyl orange B. Methyl red C. Timolphthalein D. Phenolphthalein 9. NH-acidic properties are shown by: A. Sulfacyl sodium B. Sodium barbital C. Theobromine D. Hexamidine (primidone) 10. Derivatives of pyrimidine-2,4-dione are derivatives: A. Uracil B. Uretane C. Barbituric acid D. Malonic acid 11. The cerimetric method can be used for quantitative analysis: A. Nicotinic acid B. Atropine sulfate C. Gomatropin hydrobromide D. Nicotinic acid diethylamide E. NifedipinWhen glucose reacts with ATP to form glucose-6-phosphate: a. the synthesis of glucose-6-phosphate is exergonic. b. ADP is at a higher energy level than ATP. c. glucose-6-phosphate is at a higher energy level than glucose. d. because ATP donates a phosphate to glucose, this is not a coupled reaction. e. the reaction is spontaneous.