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- The author describes the case of the "Prisoner's Dilemma" to demonstrate which of the following? Competition and the pursuit of unfettered self-interest result in greater efficiency, and benefits everyone involved equally. Effective policy can place incentives in such a manner that the very pursuit of unfettered self-interest of the prisoners results in the desired outcome of getting both to confess to the crime. Just as in the case of the prisoner's dilemma, the pursuit of unfettered self-interest will cause the fishermen who fish Atlantic swordfish (a common resource) to harvest them wisely and limit the number of fish each fisherman catches. Thus the fishermen's ability to pursue unfettered self-interest will allow the population of swordfish to remain stable and even grow. The fishermen trust each other to behave responsibly and in the interest of the common good.The French economist Antoine Cournot developed an interesting model of competition in an oligopoly that now bears his name. In a Cournot oligopoly, all of the firms know that the total output from all firms will determine the price (based on the downward-sloping market demand curve), but they make independent and simultaneous decisions about how much output to produce. Cournot developed this model after observing how a spring water duopoly (two firms) behaved. So let’s look at a duopoly example.For each firm to decide how much to produce, it must make a guess about how much the other firm is going to produce. Also, the firms basically assume that once the other firm has decided how much to produce, it can’t really change its decision.Here’s an example. Suppose the market demand curve for gallons of fresh spring water looks like the one below and, to keep things simple, the marginal cost of spring water is zero. If Firm X believes that Firm Y is going to produce 100 gallons of spring…Assume that the market for oil is made up of two firms: Exxon Mobil and Chevron. Also assume that New England has dozens of breweries and each of these make beers with different tastes, colors, and aromas. Which of the following statements is true? The market structure for oil is an oligopoly, and the one for beer is monopolistic competition. The market structure for oil is monopolistic competition, and the one for beer is an oligopoly. The market structure for both oil and beer is an oligopoly. The market structure for both oil and beer is monopolistic competition.
- The labels are the possible profits (in millions) that two firms in a duopoly can make depending on the quantity produced by each firm (Peter's profits are shown in the blue boxes and Paul's profits are shown in the green boxes). Place a number label into each box to show a prisoner's dilemma.You are asked to model an oligopoly market with the following characteristics: firms produce an undifferentiated product, choose quantities sequentially, and let the market determine the price. Which oligopoly model would best predict actual behavior in this market?Consider two oligopolists, each choosing between a “high” and a “low” level of production. Given their choices of how much to produce, their profits will be as follows: Explain how firm B will reason that it makes sense to produce the high amount, regardless of what firm A chooses. Then explain how firm A will reason that it makes sense to produce the high amount, regardless of what firm B chooses. How might collusion assist the two firms in this case?
- To advertise or not to advertise Suppose that Creamland and Dairy King are the only two firms that sell ice cream. The following payoff matrix shows the profit (in millions of dollars) each company will earn depending on whether or not it advertises: Dairy King Advertise Doesn't Advertise Creamland Advertise 10, 10 18, 2 Doesn't Advertise 2, 18 11, 11 For example, the upper right cell shows that if Creamland advertises and Dairy King doesn't advertise, Creamland will make a profit of $18 million, and Dairy King will make a profit of $2 million. Assume this is a simultaneous game and that Creamland and Dairy King are both profit-maximizing firms. If Creamland decides to advertise, it will earn a profit of _________ million if Dairy King advertises and a profit of ________ million if Dairy King does not advertise. If Creamland decides not to advertise, it will earn a profit of __________ million if Dairy King advertises and a profit of _________…Suppose that Fizzo and Pop Hop are the only two firms that sell orange soda. The following payoff matrix shows the profit (in millions of dollars) each company will earn depending on whether or not it advertises: Fizzo Advertise Doesn't Advertise Advertise 10, 10 2, 18 Pop Hop Doesn't Advertise For example, the upper right cell shows that if Fizzo advertises and Pop Hop doesn't advertise, Fizzo will make a profit of $18 million, and Pop Hop will make a profit of $2 million. Assume this is a simultaneous game and that Fizzo and Pop Hop are both profit-maximizing firms. 18, 2 11, 11 If Fizzo decides to advertise, it will earn a profit of $ advertise. If Fizzo decides not to advertise, it will earn a profit of $ advertise. If Pop Hop advertises, Fizzo makes a higher profit if it chooses If Pop Hop doesn't advertise, Fizzo makes a higher profit if it chooses Both firms will choose to advertise. million if Pop Hop advertises and a profit of $ O Fizzo will choose to advertise and Pop Hop…Suppose that Expresso and Beantown are the only two firms that sell coffee. The following payoff matrix shows the profit (in millions of dollars) each company will earn depending on whether or not it advertises: Beantown Advertise Doesn't Advertise Expresso Advertise 8, 8 15, 2 Doesn't Advertise 2, 15 11, 11 For example, the upper right cell shows that if Expresso advertises and Beantown doesn't advertise, Expresso will make a profit of $15 million, and Beantown will make a profit of $2 million. Assume this is a simultaneous game and that Expresso and Beantown are both profit-maximizing firms. If Expresso decides to advertise, it will earn a profit of million if Beantown advertises and a profit of million if Beantown does not advertise. If Expresso decides not to advertise, it will earn a profit of million if Beantown advertises and a profit of million if Beantown does not advertise. If Beantown advertises, Expresso makes a higher profit if…
- You decide upon Australia as a location for an Asian fast-food theme restaurant because you have expertise in that sector and you believe that it will be popular. You have also considered the four market structures: perfect, monopolistic, oligopoly and monopoly competition. You decide on one of the structures. Describe each of the four market structures and explain how each one may be conducive to starting your new Asian themed small business. Suppose you start your business within a monopolistic market structure. How is that structure advantageous to your proposed business and how would it affect the future growth of your business?Suppose there are only two firms that sell smartphones: Flashfone and Pictech. The following payoff matrix shows the profit (in millions of dollars) each company will earn, depending on whether it sets a high or low price for its phones. Pictech Pricing High Low Flashfone Pricing High 11, 11 3, 15 Low 15, 3 9, 9 For example, the lower-left cell shows that if Flashfone prices low and Pictech prices high, Flashfone will earn a profit of $15 million, and Pictech will earn a profit of $3 million. Assume this is a simultaneous game and that Flashfone and Pictech are both profit-maximizing firms. If Flashfone prices high, Pictech will make more profit if it chooses a price, and if Flashfone prices low, Pictech will make more profit if it chooses a price. If Pictech prices high, Flashfone will make more profit if it chooses a price, and if Pictech prices low, Flashfone will make more profit if it chooses a price. Considering all of the…Suppose there are only two firms that sell smartphones: Flashfone and Pictech. The following payoff matrix shows the profit (in millions of dollars) each company will earn, depending on whether it sets a high or low price for its phones. Pictech Pricing High Low Flashfone Pricing High 11, 11 2, 18 Low 18, 2 10, 10 For example, the lower-left cell shows that if Flashfone prices low and Pictech prices high, Flashfone will earn a profit of $18 million, and Pictech will earn a profit of $2 million. Assume this is a simultaneous game and that Flashfone and Pictech are both profit-maximizing firms. If Flashfone prices high, Pictech will make more profit if it chooses a (HIGH OR LOW) price, and if Flashfone prices low, Pictech will make more profit if it chooses a (HIGH OR LOW) price. If Pictech prices high, Flashfone will make more profit if it chooses a (HIGH OR LOW) price, and if Pictech prices low, Flashfone will make more profit if it chooses a (HIGH OR LOW)…