In the absence of growth factor, most animal cells will stop the cell cycle at a restriction point in what stage? I know its G1 phase but wonder why that is, could you explain why
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In the absence of growth factor, most animal cells will stop the cell cycle at a restriction point in what stage?
I know its G1 phase but wonder why that is, could you explain why
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- While they are similar in many ways, some key differences occur late in the mitotic division. Describe the similarities and differences between the cytokinesis mechanisms found in animal cells versus those in plant cells.The cell cycle of an average mammalian cell is illustrated below. How long did it take for the above-illustrated mammalian cell to complete one cell cycle?How long did the mitosis/cytokinesis phase (M phase) last? What % of the total cell-cycle timedoes that constitute to? What phase takes the longest time to complete during cell cycle and what % of the total cellcycle time does that constitute to? Explain why you think this might be the longest phase of thecell cycle.How long was the S phase? What is happening in the cell during the S phase?Cancer cells typically lose cell cycle entry control. Explain how the following mutations, which are found in some cancer cells, lead to a bypass of these controls: (a) overexpression of cyclin D, (b) loss of Rb function, (c) loss of p16 function, (d) hyperactive E2F.
- Imagine that there are mutations in the CDK genes such that their gene products are nonfunctional. What effect would this mutation have on an immature unspecialized blood cell precursor found in the bone marrow? The cell would not be able to reproduce itself. The cell would complete the cell cycle using cyclins in the absence of CDKS. The cell would be able to replicate its DNA but not translate DNA into RNA. The cell would be able to enter mitosis but not complete it. The cell would still phosphorylate the CDK-associated target proteins, and would do so more quickly.Which of the following statements are correct? Explain your answers. Cells do not pass from G1 into M phase of the cell cycle unless there are sufficient nutrients to complete an entire cell cycle. Apoptosis is mediated by special intracellular proteases, one of which cleaves nuclear lamins. Developing neurons compete for limited amounts of survival factors. Some vertebrate cell-cycle control proteins function when expressed in yeast cells. The enzymatic activity of a CDK protein is determined both by the presence of a bound cyclin and by the phosphorylation state of the CDK.Which stage of the cell cycle is the longest? Why are onion root tips a good choice for viewing cells in different stages of the cell cycle? Are there any mammalian cells that would be a good source for dividing cells? What types of cells would most like NOT have cells undergoing division?
- The human keratin 14 gene is found on chromosome 17. How many copies of the keratin 14 gene does a human somatic (non reproductive) cell have when the cell in in G0/G1?Describe what happens to the G1 cell cycle check point of a skin cell that is stimulated to divide by neighboring cells following an injury. Describe the pathway from the growth factor signal to the cell cycle checkpoint regulation of gene expression resulting in cell duplication. Briefly explaining the mechanismIn the following study, the investigators wanted to determine the role of cyclin B in controlling the cell cycle. Earlier researchers had found that extracts made from frog eggs (Xenopus) contained all the necessary proteins and machinery required for DNA replication. This included proteins that regulated the mitosis promoting factor (MPF). At the time of this study, cyclin B was show to affect MPF activity and the research group wanted to test using Xenopus egg extract in an assay. In Figure 1 (a) MPF activity was tested for its ability to phosphorylate Histone (H1) in sperm chromatin over a certain period of time. Additionally, the cyclin B concentration in the extract was measured. In figure 1b, the extract was tested after treatment with RNase which degraded only the mRNA and not RNA or FRNA in the extract. Knowing that cyclin B is a short-lived protein, why do you suppose the graph shows the results you see in figure 1b?
- If plant cells had the following % of their cells in these stages of mitotic cell division and % of cells reflects how much time they spend in each stage: Interphase=74.9% Prophase=17.3% Metaphase=3.3% Anaphase=D1.8% Telophase=D2.7% and Animals had the following %s: Interphase3D62.5% Prophase-D31.5% Metaphase=3.3% Anaphase=D2.0% Telophase%3D0.7%. Which of the following can we NOT conclude? O A. Both plants and animal cells spend most of their time in interphase, doubling all of the organelles and DNA requires a lot of time. OB.Animal cells spend more of their time in mitosis (dividing the nucleus) than plant cells do. O C. Plant cells spend more time in interphase and telophase than animal cells and animal cells spend more time in prophase, and anaphase than plant cells. OD. Plant cells divide more quickly than animal cells.By what molecular pathway does loss of cell cycle regulation in an organism lead to cancer? What genetic changes can cooperate to accomplish the cancer cell’s escape from the normal balance of cell growth?Explain why we can say that M-phase of the cell-cycle is triggered by a positive feedback loop. a) What would the consequences be if cohesins were working normally but condensins were not? and b) what stage of the cell cycle would this cause problems in? Why is it important for the centrosome to duplicate during G1-G2 (interphase) before M phase? The kinetochores serve as a link between the sister chromatids and the microtubules attached to the mitotic spindle. a) How are microtubules still able to exhibit dynamic instability after they are bound to the sister chromatids and b) why is this important to mitosis? As the name suggests, the Anaphase-promoting-complex (APC), promotes the 4th phase of mitosis by separating the sister chromatids so they can travel to separate poles of the cell, and prevents them from being re-zipped together. Describe how APC does these two things (Hint: one involves M-cyclin and the other involves…