In the regulation of gluconeogenesis during fasting, which of the following decreases? a. Release of fatty acid from adipose tissue b. Fatty acid oxidation in the liver c. Blood glucose levels d. AcetylCoA in the liver
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- Which of the following statements is true about the well-fed state? O a. Liver glycogen is synthesized from polymerization of glucose. b. Mobilization of triacylglycerols from adipose provides fatty acids to be oxidized and precursors for ketone bodies. O C. Insulin decreases. d. Glucagon and epinephrine increase. O e. Synthesis of proteins and fat is inhibited.Gluconeogenesisa. occurs when the liver synthesizes glucose from noncarbohydrateprecursors.b. is the process by which glycogen is broken down to glucose.c. occurs primarily when an animal is in the absorptive state.d. occurs when triglycerides are being formed and stored in adiposecells.e. occurs primarily in skeletal muscle.At high energy charge (ATP/AMP ratio) AND low blood glucose levels a. Pyruvate is converted to glucose via gluconeogenesis b. Glycolysis is activated c. Fatty acids are converted to Acetyl-coA d. Gluconeogenesis is inhibited
- Which of the following statements about the integration of fat and carbohydrate metabolism control is correct? a. High insulin/glucagon ratio activates lipolysis in muscle b. High insulin/glucagon ratio inhibits lipogenesis in liver. c. Low insulin/glucagon ratio activates lipolysis in adipocytes. d. Insulin-dependent glucose transporters are recruited to their functional membrane site when insulin levels are lowThe high glucagon/insulin ratio seen in starvation: a. Leads to increased concentrations of ketone bodies in the blood. b. Promotes mobilization of fatty acids from adipose stores. c. All of these answers are correct.As a result of complete fasting for 3 days, a significant change in metabolism occurs. How will the level of fatty acids in the blood change? What hormone causes these changes? Justify your answer schematically.
- Assume that glycolysis is completely inhibited and thus glucose cannot be converted topyruvate. Which of the following statements is true?A. Levels of acetyl-CoA decrease in the liverB. Levels of oxaloacetate increase in the liverC. Both liver and brain primarily use b-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate as energy sourceD. None of the aboveUntreated diabetes leads the body to mobilize glucose stores and break down fats. If the issue is that blood glucose is too high, why does this happen? a. Intracellular stores of glucose are very low and the cells feel starved b. All of the above explain why this happens c. Most of the glucose leaves through the kidneys since glucose has exceeded Tmax d. Circulating fat stores are low, which promotes lipolysis e. A lack of insulin results in chronic sympathetic drive, using up all the blood glucoseA patient has a defective liver FBPase-2 enzyme, the enzyme that converts F2,6P into F6P. This enzyme is inactive. What effect would this have on the differential regulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis in liver cells? How would this affect a person's ability to respond appropriately to a low blood sugar state? What about a high blood sugar state?
- Effect of glucagon on the adipose tissues: a breakdown of lipids. b increase lipid synthesis c none of the aboveIf glycogen is depleted in the liver, which of the following is also occurring? Group of answer choices a. Glycogenesis in the muscle b. Fatty acid release by adipocytes c. Glycolysis in the liver to gain ATP d. Glucose uptake in the musclesWhich of the following statements regarding glycogen are true? A. Glucose from glycogen can be metabolized anaerobically B. Approximately 1-2% of muscle weight is glycogen, whereas 10-15% of liver weight is glycogen C. It is faster for the muscle to obtain energy from glycogen than from lipids D. A and B are true E. B and C are true F. Both A, B, and C are true