Indicate whether each statement is true or false, and justify your answer.Cost–benefit analysis (CBA) allows us to pick an optimal treatment from the list of potentially cost-effective treatments.
Q: Indicate whether the statement is true or false, and justify your answer.Insurance represents a…
A: Under insurance, people pay the premium is healthy states because it is easy to compensate for…
Q: Indicate whether each statement is true or false, and justify your answer.If a medical screening…
A: The given statement is false.
Q: Indicate whether the statement is true or false, and justify your answer.Even though it is illegal…
A: True, because Bismarck companies are frequently making policies to contest risk selection.
Q: Indicate whether each statement is true or false, and justify your answer.Medical experts are ideal…
A: In the Healthy technology Assessment (HTA) more specifically is involved with the evaluation of an…
Q: Indicate whether the statement is true or false, and justify your answer.The ratio of a disease’s…
A: Prevalence is a statistical term referring to the number of cases of a disease that occur in a…
Q: To test the parallel trends assumption, A. we check if Group A and Group B's average outcome follows…
A: Parallel trend assumption is required to be tested in difference in difference approach wherein the…
Q: Indicate whether the statement is true or false, and justify your answer.Public health models that…
A: A public health model consist of many disciplines, health education, and welfare projects. In other…
Q: Indicate whether the statement is true or false, and justify your answer.There is a consensus among…
A: In different societies there are both rich and poor people, people having a higher income are more…
Q: Indicate whether the statement is true or false, and justify your answer.Sickness funds in Bismarck…
A: In a Bismarck model, the sickness funds are private not publicly administered and they are…
Q: Indicate whether the statement is true or false, and justify your answer.Health insurance coverage…
A: True, health insurance coverage is mainly financed through payroll and other taxes, because…
Q: Indicate whether each statement is true or false, and justify your answer.High health care…
A: True, because these factors could explain that certain regions spend more on health care but do not…
Q: Faustian health economics. Consider Figure 11.10, which shows the locus of feasible contracts for…
A: 1. In the Southeast area of the graph, the utility is the highest. But the problem with the…
Q: Indicate whether the statement is true or false, and justify your answer.In a typical Beveridge…
A: In a typical Beveridge system, patients must get a transfer from a general practitioner before they…
Q: Indicate whether each statement is true or false, and justify your answer.The cost-effectiveness…
A: The cost effectiveness frontier (CEF) treatment strategies for a condition are not conquered by any…
Q: Indicate whether the statement is true or false, and justify your answer.In Canada, unlike in the…
A: False, because Currie in 2003 showed that the gap does make wider in Canada after age 10.
Q: rue or False (Justify your answer briefly) (a) Potential outcomes are never observed. (b) Let Y0i…
A: Since you have asked multiple questions, we will solve the first question for you. If you want any…
Q: Indicate whether each statement is true or false, and justify your answer.An ICER value indicates…
A: An ICER value (the incremental cost-effectiveness) is the ratio which is used as a decision making…
Q: Indicate whether each statement is true or false, and justify your answer.A country operating below…
A: In this case, a country that is below its own health production frontier is supposed to be…
Q: Indicate whether each statement is true or false, and justify your answer.The goal of health policy…
A: In an ideal world the goal of health policy is to maximize health, wealth and equity. But in reality…
Q: Assume that people receiving intervention A live 5 years at quality of life of 0.8 and people…
A: Cost-effectiveness Cost-effectiveness is the method in economics that is to calculate the relation…
Q: Indicate whether each statement is true or false, and justify your answer.If a country is…
A: The given statement is false.
Q: Indicate whether each statement is true or false, and justify your answer.If health disparities…
A: The variations in income levels or priorities for unhealthy habits of the sub-populations of a…
Q: Indicate whether the statement is true or false, and justify your answer.In the RAND HIE, the arc…
A: Here the people are prices sensitive when it comes to further urgent health care. However, the arc…
Q: Would you support mandatory health insurance based on the evidence from the Oregan Health Insurance…
A: In the experiment, the entire Oregan Health Insurance experiment has bene considered with the…
Q: Indicate whether the statement is true or false, and justify your answer.To date, no major health…
A: A market is a place where the buyers and sellers interact with each other and the exchange of goods…
Q: Indicate whether each statement is true or false, and justify your answer.One reason why total…
A: Health expenditures include various expenses like medical expenses, insurance expenses, etc. It also…
Q: Indicate whether the statement is true or false, and justify your answer.In the US, well-educated…
A: Socioeconomic status refers to the social position of an individual or household relative to other…
Q: Indicate whether the statement is true or false, and justify your answer.Health status earlier in…
A: Answer: True, health status earlier in life is indeed a good predictor of wealth later in life.…
Q: Suppose Jay has been experiencing back pain, and has four options for treatment. (Table 14.6)…
A: Ic shows the combination of two goods showing various quantities.
Q: Indicate whether each statement is true or false, and justify your answer.A dominated treatment is…
A: In developed nations, spending made on health care has an increasingly important economic issue. The…
Q: Indicate whether the statement is true or false, and justify your answer.Nearly half of expenditures…
A: The cost of healthcare is comparatively high in country U as compared to other countries owing to…
Q: The UN Committee on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (CESCR) is charged with interpreting the…
A: It qualifies individuals for a system of health security, including the anticipation, treatment and…
Q: Indicate whether each statement is true or false, and justify your answer.Health systems focused on…
A: The cost of healthcare is comparatively high in country U as compared to other countries owing to…
Q: Indicate whether the statement is true or false, and justify your answer.Disproportionate spending…
A: Some disproportionate spending on EOL (end-of-life) care is worthless or wasteful, but in many other…
Q: Indicate whether the statement is true or false, and justify your answer.People who drop out of high…
A: False According to Grossman Model, the marginal efficiency of investment curve shifts out with…
Q: Indicate whether each statement is true or false, and justify your answer.There are no out-of-pocket…
A: TRUE.
Q: Indicate whether the statement is true or false, and justify your answer.An hour spent exercising…
A: Free lunch zone: The term “free lunch zone” refers to the situation where there is no cost incurred.…
Q: Indicate whether the statement is true or false, and justify your answer.NICE conducts health…
A: The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) role is to improvise the quality of…
Q: Indicate whether the statement is true or false, and justify your answer.Even though health…
A: Health insurance covers medical expenses that can occur due to illness or injury. It can also…
Q: Indicate whether each statement is true or false, and justify your answer.Both ICERs and ACERs…
A: False
Q: The Beveridge model in the United Kingdom uses queues or waiting lists to ration care, rather than…
A: The Beveridge model is a model of health care. System in which the healthcare for all the citizens…
Q: Indicate whether the statement is true or false, and justify your answer.The number of US medical…
A: The Flexner Report, written and published by Abraham Flexner in 1910 under the Carnegie Foundation,…
Q: Indicate whether the statement is true or false, and justify your answer.One hundred percent of…
A: The Beveridge Model is a model of the healthcare system in which healthcare is provided to the…
Q: Indicate whether the statement is true or false, and justify your answer.Barriers to care erected by…
A: Personal gains generated from the purchase of commodities and facilities are referred to as consumer…
Q: Indicate whether the statement is true or false, and justify your answer. In the Grossman…
A: Grossman's model explains that people can improve their health by doing exercise and follow diet…
Q: Indicate whether the statement is true or false, and justify your answer.The thrifty phenotype…
A: The "thrifty phenotype" hypothesis proposes that poor health in adulthood is caused by economic…
Q: Indicate whether the statement is true or false, and justify your answer.Queuing care is never…
A: If an individual has an opportunity to maximize the risk intensity since it does not pay the maximum…
Indicate whether each statement is true or false, and justify your answer.
Cost–benefit analysis (CBA) allows us to pick an optimal treatment from the list of potentially cost-effective treatments.
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- You have been recruited as an expert in health economics to recommend what is the best therapy for a group of patients. In the image below you will find the decision tree showing the probabilities for different health states and outcomes for patients undergoing two possible treatments, No drug therapy and Drug therapy. Based on the expected cost, which therapy would you recommend as the least expensive? Explain how you arrived at your recommendation and show your calculations the space provided. No drug theraphy ? Drug theraphy ? HEALTH STATES PROBABILITIES Remain in Good Health 0.5 Develop disease A 0.2 Develop disease B 0.2 Die 0.1 Remain in Good Health 0.53 Develop disease A 0.16 Develop disease B 0.22 Die 0.09 OUTCOMES (Costs) $0 $400 $300 $200 SO $800 $500 $0In some countries, such as Canada and UK, direct-to-consumer (DTC) advertising for pharmaceutical products is illegal or tightly controlled. Which of the following is NOT a reason why DTC is tightly controlled? DTC have the potential to drive up spending on drugs and exacerbate moral hazard. DTC makes patients aware of new remedies. DTC can put a strain on doctor-patient relationship when patients demand some drugs that are not necessary or not the best options. Asymmetric information: consumers are not in a good position to determine if a drug is what they need.Hospital has the following treatment options to reduce the incidence of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia: For Treatment X (status quo), it would cost 50,000 with 40 percent effectiveness, For Treatment Y, it would cost 100,000 with 85 percent effectiveness, For Treatment Z, it would cost 75,000 with 65 percent effectiveness, and For Treatment V, it would cost 80,000 with 68 percent effectiveness. Is there any treatment option that is not economically rational? Explain. If hospital’s willing to pay is $1000, which treatment option it would choose? Explain. With technical innovation, suppose Treatment V increased its effectiveness to 75 percent, would your answer to question (a) above change?
- Demand studies in health care have provided estimates of both income and price elasticity. Estimates of income elasticity are usually above +1.0. Estimates of price elasticity typically range between -0.1 and -.75 (with hospital services at the lower end and elective services at the upper end). What information do these estimates convey? What does the price elasticity of demand estimates imply for government policymakers, insurance companies, and medical providers' decisions? What does the income elasticity of demand estimates imply for government policymakers, insurance companies, and medical providers' decisions?Indicate whether the statement is true or false, and justify your answer.An hour spent exercising always pays for itself by decreasing the time spent sick by more than an hour.Indicate whether the statement is true or false, and justify your answer.Disproportionate spending on end-of-life care is never clinically justifiable.
- Indicate whether each statement is true or false, and justify your answer.The goal of health policy is to maximize health, wealth, and equity.Moral hazard creates tradeoffs that complicate insurance design and policy choices. Imagine a linear demand curve for outpatient clinician visits, and assume at $100 per visit there would be 50,000 annual visits to a particular urban clinic. A politician would like to be popular, and proposes making clinic visits free (zero price). You know, as the city's staff health economist, that if this were to happen, the number of visits would rise to 75,000. Your job is to testify before the city council, and answer at least two questions: how much social welfare loss from moral hazard would occur; and how much tax money must be raised to finance clinic services if visits were made completely free? a. $2,500,000; $15,000,000 b. $5,000,000; $30,000,000 c. $1,250,000; $7,500,000 d. $3,750,000; $22,500,000Consider two treatments. Treatment 1 saves one year of life at a cost of $10,000. Treatment 2 saves ten years of life at a cost of $1,000,000. Which treatment is more cost-effective? Why?
- Hospital has the following treatment options to reduce the incidence of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia: For Treatment X (status quo), it would cost 50,000 with 40 percent effectiveness, For Treatment Y, it would cost 100,000 with 85 percent effectiveness, For Treatment Z, it would cost 75,000 with 65 percent effectiveness, and For Treatment V, it would cost 80,000 with 68 percent effectiveness. Is there any treatment option that is not economically rational? Explain. If the hospital’swilling to pay is $1000, which treatment optionwould it choose? Explain With technical innovation, suppose Treatment V increased its effectiveness to 75 percent, would your answer to question (a) above change?While it may seem intuitively obvious that health expenditures will increase as a population age – older people, after all, are less healthy on average than younger people – in fact, several prominent health economists have argued that it is not ageing per se, but rather some of the correlates of an ageing population that cause health expenditures to rise as population ages. For instance, Getzen (1992) argues that, at least in part, rising health expenditures with an ageing population are due to the higher incomes and resources of the older population; health care is a normal good, so higher incomes lead to higher expenditures. In a similar manner, Zweifel et al. (1999) argue that the real problem with an ageing population, at least as far as health care costs are concerned, is that there will be more people who are within a couple of years of dying. Since health care expenditures rise sharply close to the end of life, it is this, rather than population ageing by itself, that leads to…Suppose that there are two countries, Beta and Gamma. Suppose further that everyone in country Beta is on Insurance B and everyone in country Gamma is on Insurance G. Suppose further that both governments use government-set price controls. In 2005, country Beta decided to change the reimbursement rate for pharmaceuticals, but country Gamma did not make this change. You, a researcher, want to study the effect of offering coverage for this drug had an impact on health expenditures. You have average health expenditures for State Beta and Gamma prior to 2005 and post-2005. Using the information in the table below, a quick difference-in-difference calculation suggests covering this drug ____ health expenditures by approximately ____. State Time Periods Pre-2005 Post-2005 State Beta $1000 $1400 State Gamma $1500 $1700 a. decreased; $400 b. increased; $200 c. increased; $400 d. decreased; $200