" is a biomarker. Patients with higher concentration of "B" in their plasma have poor prognosis. Those patients are also resistant to a specific drug. So, alternative drugs are usually used to treat them. What kind of biomarker is "B"? Briefly explain.
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B" is a biomarker. Patients with higher concentration of "B" in their plasma have poor prognosis. Those patients are also resistant to a specific drug. So, alternative drugs are usually used to treat them. What kind of biomarker is "B"? Briefly explain.
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- True/False: Neutrophils regulate the production of active cathelicidins (a class of antimicrobial peptides) by segregating the inactive propeptide from the processing enzyme that cleaves and activates it in two different types of cytoplasmic granules. These two types of granules are induced to fuse with phagosomes after ingestion of microbes, bringing the processing enzyme and the propeptide together.Antibodies can be divided into monoclonal and polyclonal. State the main difference between them. Which type of antibodies is more preferable in routine bioanalysis? Explain your answer.I. Blood Typing Red blood cells are coated in antigens made of glycolipids and glycoproteins. The composition of these molecules is determined by genetics, which have evolved over time. The two most well-known blood groups are the ABO and Rh systems. The surface antigens in the ABO blood group are glycolipids, called antigen A and antigen B. People with blood type A have antigen A, those with blood type B have antigen B, those with blood type AB have both antigens, and people with blood type O have neither antigen. Antibodies called agglutinogens are found in the blood plasma and react with the A or B antigens, if the two are mixed. When type A and type B blood are combined, agglutination (clumping) of the blood occurs because of antibodies in the plasma that bind with the opposing antigen; this causes clots that coagulate in the kidney causing kidney failure. Type O blood has neither A or B antigens, and therefore, type O blood can be given to all blood types. Type O negative blood is…
- From: "Towards a universal flu vaccine" Each year, the flu vaccine includes antigens from two strains of Influenza A and two strains of Influenza B. These antigens are from the head of the H spikes an area that sticks out from the virus and so, is very easy for human immune cells to detect. However, the problem with using the head of the H spike as an antigen is... O The H spike head mutates very rapidly, so quickly changes to forms not recognized by human immune cells. O The H spike head is exposed on the surface of the virus for only a short period of time. Viruses quickly pull the H spikes back inside the virus, shiclding them from human immune cells. O The H spike head is often too big for the human immune cells to attack. O The H spike head is often too small for the human immune cells to bind to.Chest x-rays give the lowest doses. Why?Explain the function of glycoproteins as antigenic determinants for blood types in a few words.
- Neutralizing antibodies are effective at preventing infection or toxicity mediated by pathogens or their toxic products. In fact, nearly all vaccines currently in use function by eliciting neutralizing antibodies. One example is the tetanus vaccine, in which neutralizing antibodies are generated against an inactivated form of the tetanus toxin (the tetanus toxoid). The most important feature of a neutralizing antibody is having high affinity for the antigen. being efficient at activating the complement cascade. having a high degree of multivalency, such as being a pentamer or hexamer of immunoglobulin monomers. being present at a high concentration in the circulation. 0 0 0 0A. Describe an immunoassay (and the steps involved) in which you could detect the presence of a particular antigen. B. Describe an immunoassay (and the steps involved) in which you could detect the presence of a particular antibody..Researchers can make monoclonal antibodies by immunizing a mouse with a molecule (or with a microorganism). The resulting antibody-mediated response produces a set of antibodies that recognize different parts of the molecule. The mouse's B cells are then harvested from its spleen and fused with cancerous B cells from a myeloma cell line. The resulting hybrid myeloma ("hybridoma") cells are cloned: Individual cells are grown in tissue culture as separate cell lines. Each cell line produces and secretes antibodies that recognize one part of the immunizing molecule. These antibodies are called monoclonal antibodies, and they can be purified and used for research or other purposes. Monoclonal antibodies are effective for passive immunization, but only in the immediate term. Antibodies produced by one's own immune system can last up to about six months in the bloodstream, but monoclonals delivered in passive immunization often last for less than a week. Why the difference?
- In (b), why would it be more efficient to use labeled anti-human IgG rather than label the patient’s antibodies?You are in the process of developing a monoclonal antibody against an Influenza virus spike protein "H7." You have isolated the B cells producing antibodies against the viral H7 protein and fused those specific B cells with a unique kind of mutant myeloma cells. The myeloma cells can't make any of the three following enzymes; dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), thymidine kinase (TK), and hypoxanthine-guanosine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT). The mutant unfused myeloma cells are grown in the laboratory in a nucleotide supplemented medium. For selecting the hybridomas, you have used a modified medium HT that does not contain any aminopterin but contains hypoxanthine and thymidine. Which of the following result do you expect to see from your experiment, and what problem you may encounter in the future after the hybridoma selection?The head of the oncology divison of a large biotech company proposes to develop a therapeutic antibody to treat cancers with mutant B-Raf oncogene. Is this a good idea? Why or why not(limit 3-4 sentences)?