One effect of the pesticide DDT upon birds is to inhibit the production of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase, which controls calcium metabolism. It is believed that this causes eggshells to be thinner and weaker than normal and makes the eggs more prone to breakage. An experiment was conducted where 16 sparrow hawks were fed a mixture of 3 ppm dieldrin and 15 ppm DDT (a combination often found in contaminated prey). The first egg laid by each bird was measured, and the mean shell thickness was found to be 0.19 mm. A “normal” eggshell has a mean thickness of 0.2 mm. What are the null and alternative hypotheses?
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One effect of the pesticide DDT upon birds is to inhibit the production of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase, which controls calcium metabolism. It is believed that this causes eggshells to be thinner and weaker than normal and makes the eggs more prone to breakage. An experiment was conducted where 16 sparrow hawks were fed a mixture of 3 ppm dieldrin and 15 ppm DDT (a combination often found in contaminated prey). The first egg laid by each bird was measured, and the
What are the null and alternative hypotheses?
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- Repeat Example 5 when microphone A receives the sound 4 seconds before microphone B.DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) was used extensively from 1940 to 1970 as an insecticide. It still sees limited use for control of disease. But DDT was found to be harmful to plants and animals, including humans, and its effects were found to be lasting. The amount of time that DDT remains in the environment depends on many factors, but the following table shows what can be expected of 200 kilograms of DDT that has seeped into the soil. t = time in yearssince application D = DDT remaining,kilograms 0 200.00 1 190.00 2 180.50 3 171.48 (a) Show that the data are exponential. The ratio from year 0 to year 1 is ______ , from year 1 to year 2 is ____ , and from year 2 to year 3 is_____ (rounded to two decimal places). Because these successive ratios are all , a) different b)the same , the data are exponential.Recently there have been concerns about the effects of phthalates on the devel- opment of the male reproductive system. Phthalates are common ingredients in many plastics. In a pilot study a researcher gave pregnant rats daily doses of 750 mg/kg of body weight of DEHP (di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate) throughout the period when their pups’ sexual organs were developing. The newly born male rat pups were sacrificed and their seminal vesicles were dissected and weighed. Below are the weights for the eight males (in mg). 1710 1630 1580 1670 1350 1650 1600 1650 If untreated newborn males have a mean of 1700 mg, can you say that rats exposed to DHEP in utero have a significantly lower weight?
- In an experimental study, it was noticed that people who eat more leafy, green vegetables tend to get better sleep than the general population. Researchers wonder whether the improved sleep might be caused by the minerals potassium and magnesium found in leafy, green vegetables. How could the researchers design an experiment to determine the effects of potassium and magnesium on sleep?In an observational study, it was noticed that people that eat more chocolate tend to have better blood flow than the general population. Researchers wonder whether the improved blood flow might be caused by flavanols (a molecule found in many foods). Dark chocolate contains a high concentration of flavanols, but milk chocolate contains a much lower concentration. How could the researchers design an experiment to determine the effects of flavanol on blood flow from the different types of chocolate?The purification of industrial waste is often a destructive process with manybeneficial components removed from the waste as part of the cleansing process. As part of some trials to reuse industrial sludge as a mulch for planting, conservation of existing nitrogen levels in the sludge is being studied. Nitrogen is used in plants to synthesize amino acids, proteins, chlorophyll, nucleic acids, and enzymes. Initial testing showed 1 kg of sludge contained 254 mg of nitrogen and after the cleaning process there were 189 mg of nitrogen left. What is the percentage reduction of nitrogen?
- Carbon dioxide is known to have a critical effect on microbiological growth. Small amounts of CO2 stimulate growth of some organisms, whereas high concentrations inhibit the growth of most. The latter effect is used commercially when perishable food products are stored. A study is conducted to investigate the effect of CO2 on the growth rate of pseudomonas fragi, a food-spoiling organism. Carbon dioxide is administered at five predetermined different atmospheric pressures. The response measured was the percentage change in cell mass after 1-hour growing time. Ten cultures were used at each atmospheric pressure level, resulting in the following data: 0.0 .083 .29 .50 .86 62.6 50.9 45.5 29.5 24.9 59.6 44.3 41.1 22.8 17.2 64.5 47.5 29.8 19.2 7.8 59.3 49.5 38.3 20.6 10.5 58.6 48.5 40.2 29.2 17.8 64.6 50.4 38.5 24.1 22.1 50.9 35.2 30.2 22.6 22.6 56.2 49.9 27.0 32.7 16.8 52.3…Researchers interested in lead exposure due to car exhaust sampled the blood of 52 police officers subjected to constant inhalation of automobile exhaust fumes while working traffic enforcement in a primarily urban environment. The blood samples of these officers had an average lead concentration of 124.32 µg/l and an SD of 37.74 µg/l; a previous study of individuals from a nearby suburb, with no history of exposure, found an average blood level concentration of 35 µg/l. Write down the hypotheses that would be appropriate for testing if the police officers appear to have been exposed to a higher concentration of lead. Explicitly state and check all conditions necessary for inference on these data. Test the hypothesis that the downtown police officers have a higher lead exposure than the group in the previous study. Interpret your results in context. Based on your preceding result, without performing a calculation, would a 99% confidence interval for the average blood concentration…The aging Neotropical termites (Neocapritermes taracua) secrete a sticky, blue-colored liquid that they spew to intruding termites. The younger Neotropical termites secrete a liquid that lacks the blue component, so it is white in appearance. In an experiment that measured the toxicity of the blue substance, the researchers placed one drop of either the blue liquid or the white liquid on individuals of a second termite species, Labiotermes labralis. Of the 41 Labiotermes labralis that got the blue drop, 37 were immobilized. Of the 40 Labiotermes labralis that got the white drop, 9 were immobilized. Is the blue liquid toxic compared to the white liquid?
- A biochemist is testing the effect of a new antibiotic on a particularIn warm and humid parts of the world, a constant battle is waged against termites. Scientists have discovered that certain tree resins are deadly to termites, and thus the trees producing these resins become a valuable crop. In one experiment typical of the type used to test the protective power of a resin, two doses of resin (5 mg and 10 mg) were dissolved in a solvent and placed on filter paper. Five dishes were prepared with filter paper at dose level 5 mg and five with filter paper at dose level 10 mg. Twenty-five termites were then placed in each dish to feed on the filter paper. At the end of 15 days, the number of surviving termites was counted. The results are shown below. You may assume that the number of surviving termites is approximately normal for each group. Dose 5mg (Group 1): 8, 11, 7, 9, 11Dose 10mg (Group 2): 2, 0, 1, 16, 13 Unless otherwise stated, give your answers to three decimal places. Construct a 90% confidence interval for the difference in average surviving…Pineal Gland Study. Dr. Marquez hypothesized that fluoride had a deleterious effect on the pineal gland, which helps with sleeping. He measured the amount of fluoride in Americans and compared it to the fluoride level in Europeans, where its use in drinking water has been banned. He knew from reading the literature that the average fluoride level in Europeans was 40 parts per million (ppm). He collected a representative sample of 625 Americans and found that their fluoride level was 60 ppm with a standard deviation of 250 ppm. What is the value of the z-test statistic?