People with AIDS are vulnerable to toxoplasmosis caused by theprotozoan Toxoplasma gondii, resulting in infection of lungs, liver,heart, and brain, and often leading to death. About 25% of the world’s population is infected, usually without developing symptoms. Why then are people with AIDS so susceptible to this disease?
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People with AIDS are vulnerable to toxoplasmosis caused by the
protozoan Toxoplasma gondii, resulting in infection of lungs, liver,
heart, and brain, and often leading to death. About 25% of the world’s population is infected, usually without developing symptoms. Why then are people with AIDS so susceptible to this disease?
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- Why would an antibiotic like amoxicillin be ineffective as a treatment for toxoplasmosis?Imagine a newly developed drug that is highly lethal against all stages in the life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii. The drug has been found to be safe and effective both for human and for veterinary use. Although the drug can eliminate infection in both humans and cats, its use in humans will have vey little impact on overall prevalence of human toxoplasmosis. Its use in cats, alternatively, could, at least in theory, reduce prevalence in both humans and cats. Explain this difference.Which of these statements concerning cryptococcal meningoencephalitis is true?a) It is caused by a yeast with a large capsule.b) It is a disease of trees transmissible to humans.c) It typically attacks the meninges but spares the brain.d) Person-to-person transmission commonly occurs.e) It is seen only in persons who are immunocompromised.
- A rash shaped like a bull’s eye and flu-like symptoms, of the following, which is NOT true of the disease that this person is likely to have? Group of answer choices A) This person got this disease by being bitten by a mosquito B) The patient is probably infected with the spirochete Borrella burgdorferi C) Antibiotic therapy can cure this condition D) Without treatment this disease can lead to arthritic complications, nerve, and heart damageWhich of these statements about tetanus is true?a) It can start from a bee sting.b) Immunization is carried out using tiny doses of killed C. tetani.c) Those who recover from the disease are immune for life.d) Tetanus immune globulin does not prevent the disease.e) It is easy to avoid exposure to spores of the causative organism.Which of the following is NOT true about human plague (Yersinia pestis infection)? Which option is the answer? 1. None of the other four answers (All are true about human plague) 2. Infected fleas’ gastrointestinal tract is blocked by Y. pestis growth, causing them to regurgitate and infect a new host when they bite 3. Painful swollen lymph nodes are called “buboes” 4. Usually acquired in the US from bites of fleas that have fed on infected urban rats 5. Yersinia pestis infection of lymph nodes can sometimes spread to the lungs, causing secondary pneumonic plague
- Your father, age 74, has been recovering in a rehabilitation center from a hip fracture. He has developed C. diff and is in isolation. Explain the process of how this disease occurs. What preventive measures need to be taken to prevent the spread of this condition?Varicella-zoster virus O 1) becomes latent in dorsal root ganglia that serve specific dermatomes. 2) uses the respiratory epithelium as its portal of entry. 3) has humans as its reservoir. 4) causes chickenpox and shingles. 5) All of the choices are correctWhich of the following is NOT true of bacterial endotoxin? 1. None of the other four answers (All are true of bacterial endotoxin) 2. Can cause life-threatening drop in blood pressure (shock) 3. Composed of proteins produced by bacteria and released into surrounding environment 4. Composed of lipid A, a component of the gram-negative bacterial outer membrane 5. Stimulates macrophages to produce a substance (TNF) that damages capillaries
- Explain the means by which cats, rodents, birds, domestic animals,and people are infected with Toxoplasma gondii.Which of these statements about cat scratch disease is false?a) It is a common cause of chronic lymph node enlargement in children.b) It is a serious threat to individuals with AIDS.c) Cat scratches are the only mode of transmission to humans.d) It does not spread person to person.e) It can affect the brain or heart valves in a small percentage of cases.Why would medication fail to cure HSV infections even though it prevents recurrent cold sores?