Please answer ASAP 12. Which of the following statement is false regarding a cross-sectional study? a. Prevalence of a variable can be estimated. b. It cannot determine causality between the exposure and the outcome. c. There may be a comparison group in the design of the study. d. Relative risk can be calculated as a measure of association. e. One of its advantages is there cannot be any lost to follow-up
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Please answer ASAP
12. Which of the following statement is false regarding a cross-sectional study?
a. Prevalence of a variable can be estimated.
b. It cannot determine causality between the exposure and the outcome.
c. There may be a comparison group in the design of the study.
d. Relative risk can be calculated as a measure of association.
e. One of its advantages is there cannot be any lost to follow-up
Step by step
Solved in 2 steps
- Briefly discuss the following topics and include appropriate examples for each:1.1. Information bias1.2. Use of genetic markers to determine risk of disease 1.3. Non-compliant study subjects 1.4. Calculating proportionate mortality 1.5. Phase III clinical trials1. Which of the following study designs can account for confounding by variables that have not been measured? A. Prospective CohortB. Randomized Controlled Trial C. Cross-SectionalD. Case-Control 2. Suppose these same investigators now want to conduct a study to examine whether loss of 20 or more teeth is a risk factor for stroke. Should they consider hypertension to be a confounding variable?[see attachment] A. Yes B. No E. None of the above 3. Participants were recruited who resided close to a large urban hospital. For this study, the most relevant consequence of this methodological choice:[see attachment] A. Reduced losses to follow-up B. Reduced generalizabilityC. Reduced powerD. Reduced Hawthorne effect 4. Which of the following tests is the best choicce to test the null hypothesis that the unasjusted prevalence of hypertension is the same among partiicpants with fewer than 20 teeth and 20 or more teeth? A. Unpaired t-test, B. Paired t-test, C. Analysis of variance (ANOVA), D.…State for each of the following statements if they are true or false: a. Cumulative incidence ratio, incidence rate ratio and prevalence are always unitless. b. For a given exposure and outcome, if the incidence rate ratio is < 1, then the incidence rate difference is < 0. c. An odds of 2:3 has the same magnitude as a risk of 2/5. d. In a case-control study comparing the association of a specific exposure between cases and controls, the only measure of association that we can directly calculate is the odds ratio. e. Attributable risk is more informative to policymaking than cumulative incidence ratio.
- 5. Discuss the figure below. Give specific examples as needed: DESCRIPTIVE Describe a disease or health condition/phenomenon or intervention ANALYTIC Examine association (test of hypothesis) Experimental Exposure variables are assigned Observational Турes 1. Case reports/Case series Exposure and outcome variables are just observed 2. Prevalence survey (cross- sectional) 3. Ecologic study Турes 1. Cross-sectional Турes 1. Clinical trials 2. Case-control 3. Cohort 2. Field trials 3. Community intervention trials 4. Ecologic Hypothesis formulation Identification of risk/protective factorsDescribe the difference between a prevalence-based and an incidence-based cost-of-illness study. A. Prevalence-based studies are useful for budgeting purposes and includes the cost of existing cases and new cases B. Incidence-based studies only consider the costs for new cases during the year C. When completing an explanatory model both are appropriate because there is no difference when it comes to costs, outcomes and cost projections D. All of the above E. A and B onlywhich of the four problem-solving frameworks (tracers, root cause analyses [RCA], failure mode effect analysis [FMEA] studies, or plan-do-study-act [PDSA]) could be utilized for patients who recieve appropiate care for sepsis or sepsis shock for improvement initiative?
- 1. Which of the following is synonymous with incidence which assess the rate of occurrence of the condition ofthe disease?A. Absolute risk B. Odds ratio C. Relative risk D. Risk ratio2. Which among the following estimates the strength of association between exposure and disease?A. Absolute risk B. Odds ratio C. Relative risk D. Risk ratio3. Which of the following is related to measurement of reliability?A. Accuracy of scoresB. Comprehensiveness of the scoresC. Consistency of scoresD. Dependency of the scoresThere are multiple epidemiologic study designs. Study designs can be categorized as an experimental or observational design. What is the primary difference between the two? (Choose the one best answer) 1. In an experimental design, the outcome/disease is assigned 2. In an observational design, the outcome/disease is assigned 3. In an experimental design, the exposure/treatment is assigned 4. In an observational design, the exposure/treatment is assigned 5. They are both epidemiologic study designs without a distinct difference48% 06:56 PPR214 2019_06_SU_SP.pdf 1. A recent national study in South African public hospitals showed a low percentage of adherence by prescribers to standard treatment guidelines for the management of nosocomial infections. This reflects a failure to meet the following objective in the National Drug Policy (1996): To ensure the availability of essential drugs to all citizens b. To ensure the quality of drugs c. To promote the rational use of drugs To promote the concept of individual responsibility for health e. To ensure the accessibility of essential drugs to all citizens a. d. 2. Two medicines in a community pharmacy dispensary have the same active ingredients. To confirm that they are in fact generic versions of the same originator medicine, they would also share the same: I. Excipients II. Strength of active ingredients II. Dosage form a. I & II b. Il only c. Il only d. I, II & II e. Il & II 3. Pharmaceutical manufacturers in South Africa are granted preferences in the…
- QUESTION 1 Match each description to the correct study design. Study designs may be used more than once. ◆ Incidence data is not available with this study design, so an odds ratio is an appropriate measure of association to calculate. ◆ This study design allows for the evaluation of multiple outcomes. ◆ The temporal sequence between the exposure and outcome is clear for this study design; therefore, incidence data is available and a risk ratio can be calculated. ◆ With this study design, exposure status is assessed, and then participants are followed up over time to see who develops the outcome. ◆ Recall bias is a common issue with this study design because exposure information is collected from the past. QUESTION 2 A. Cohort study B. Case-control study Consider the following scenario for the questions that follow. In a recent case-control study, investigators enrolled 300 adults with heart disease and 300 healthy adults. During interviews with the participants, the investigators…'Falls in the hospital" Address this Issue and apply the model of improvement Framework(PDSA cycle) to analyse this issue. Also, justify the outcome measures chosen and explain how these will help to understand if a change is an improvement. Consider how the triple or quadruple aim will be addressed.I. STUDY DESIGNS IN EPIDEMIOLOGY: Answer the questions subsequently. A. Suppose you want to determine whether pesticide-use can cause cancer to farmers, I want you to design a method using the longitudinal cohort study design. Your method must answer the following specific questions: a. What will be your cohort groups? Define your cohorts. b. What questions/exposures will your survey instrument contain? c. How will you gather your data? d. How will you interpret your data? e. Provide a plausible causal narrative to your “theoretical data” B. One of the most memorable epidemiologic incidents in the Philippines was the sudden food poisoning of school children in Bohol which killed 15 children while 240 others being crippled. As an epidemiologist, you are tasked to go the place and conduct an independent epidemiologic analysis using retrospective cohort study design. Design a method following this design. Your method must answer the following specific questions: a. What will be your…