Some germ-line mutations predispose individuals tocancer, yet often environmental factors (chemicals,exposure to radiation) are considered major risks fordeveloping cancer. Do these views of the cause ofcancer conflict, or can they be reconciled?
Q: Distinguish between proto-oncogenes and tumorsuppressor genes.
A: The proto-oncogenes are those genes, which promote cell cycle and inhibit apoptosis of the cells.…
Q: Hi can you explain how environmental factors contribute to cancer?
A: Ans: Cancer: The uncontrolled growth of cells due to various internal and external factors is…
Q: With diagrams explain, chromosome rearrangement
A: Chromosomal rearrangement in genetics is the mutation in which the type of mutation causes…
Q: How is an inmortal cancer cell line different from a regular cancel cell line ?
A: Cancerous cells : In our body cell division and differentiation is a highly regulated and controlled…
Q: Having a mutant form of the gene XYZ is associated with a higher incidence of cancer than is seen in…
A: A mutant gene XYZ is linked with higher incidences of causing cancer than other mutation. The XYZ…
Q: Should genetic testing for cancer be availablefor everyone, or should genetic testingbe confined to…
A: Cancer is an abnormal proliferation of body cells that has undergone mutation. The cancer is of…
Q: Why is it important to model cancer through the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells ?…
A: Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) is a type of stem cell(pluripotent) in nature that is derived…
Q: What is meant by the "two-hit" model of cancer development? Describe this theory in detail and…
A: Two-hit hypothesis : The "two-hit" hypothesis or model was first proposed by geneticist Alfred…
Q: Mutations in three broad classes of genes have been implicated in the onset of cancer. Can you…
A: A Mutation occurs when a DNA gene is damaged or changed in such a way as to alter the genetic…
Q: Why is it important to model cancer through the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells ?…
A: Medical technology has advanced significantly over the course of many centuries. According to…
Q: How can researchers pinpoint the particular driver mutations most responsible for the cancer…
A: The development of cancer is an evolutionary process at the cellular level. Several mutations…
Q: Why are people more likely to develop cancer as they age? Why does inheriting a mutation increase…
A: Cancer is the name given to a collection of related diseases.In all types of cancer,some of the…
Q: Explain how mutations in tumor-suppressor genes can be recessive at the level of the cell but cause…
A: A tumor suppressor gene is normally a cellular gene that regulates the cell proliferation or DNA…
Q: What are the most significant environmental agents that contributeto human cancers?
A: Cancer is the disease of uncontrolled cell division.
Q: What significance do BRCA1 and BRCA2 have in regard to developing cancer, and what types of cancer…
A: BRCA 1 & BRCA 2 are found pair in all the organisms where one gene is obtained from each of the…
Q: If cancer is fundamentally a genetic disease, how might an environmental factor such as smoking…
A: Tumor is a mass of tissues. It may be benign or malignant. The cellular growth that occurs when the…
Q: One hallmark of cancer cells is their ability to divideindefinitely, in contrast with most normal…
A: Alternative telomere lengthening is a process by which telomere length is maintained without the…
Q: Which genetic cancer predisposition syndrome is caused by germ-line mutations in the p53 gene and is…
A: P53 is the tumor suppressor protein (TP53 in humans) which is also described as the guardian of the…
Q: Which of the following is NOT an example of a fail-safe mechanism that prevents the irregular cell…
A: Uncontrolled cell division results in the development of a tumor or cancer. There are many factors…
Q: Why is the Philadelphia chromosome important to understanding & treating some cancers, especially…
A: Philadelphia chromosome is only present in the blood cells that are affected because of the damaged…
Q: What is the difference in an oncogene and tumor suppressor gene and how can each potentially lead to…
A: Cancer is group of diseases which are characterized by abnormal and unstoppable growth of cell and…
Q: Normal (nonmutant) tumor-suppressor genes often functiona. as negative regulators of cell…
A: Cancer is defined as the biological disorder in which the cells undergo uncontrolled growth and cell…
Q: What are the two basic phases of cancer cell developement? Tumor suppressors and proto-oncogenes a b…
A: According to guidelines we have to answer the first question only. so please kindly post the…
Q: Are genome and karyotype instabilities consequencesor causes of cancer?
A: Genome ad karyotype instabilities really leads to cancer.Lets have a detailed discussion: Genome…
Q: Distinguish between proto-oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes. To become cancer promoting, do…
A: Oncogene is a type of gene having the ability which can develop a cell to a tumor cell when…
Q: What would be the effect of a mutation that inactivates the p14ARF tumor suppressor upon p53…
A: p53 is known as a cellular tumor antigen 53 is a protein found in vertebrates that is responsible…
Q: Do more mutations necessarily mean that more cancer-causing genes are faulty? Why or why not?
A: Biotechnology is a wide range of studies where it uses its techniques with biological systems to…
Q: Explain the advantage of the systems biology approachto studying cancer versus the approach of…
A: System biology is used in the preparation of complex biological systems based on the interactions…
Q: How would you relate the cancer cellular pathophysiology with genomic instability?
A: Cancer is a well-known disease these days. In the United States, one in every two women and one in…
Q: Explain the difference between proto-oncogene and tumor suppressor mutations in terms of its…
A: Cancer is a medical condition that is characterized by the growth of tumors in the body of an…
Q: Most forms of cancer involvea. the activation of a single oncogene.b. the inactivation of a single…
A: The medical condition of cancer is characterized by the abnormal growth pattern of the cells…
Q: Patients with XP suffer extremely high incidence of skin cancer but have not been found to have…
A: There are 2 basic types of genetic mutations: Acquired mutations. These are the most common causes…
Q: Why don’t all loss-of-function mutations that are recessive at the cellular level behave as…
A: Loss of function mutation is otherwise known as inactivating mutations. This type of mutation is…
Q: Explain whether a cancercausing mutation in a tumorsuppressor gene, such as p53,is more likely to be…
A: Tumor suppressor gene regulates a cell during the cell division and replication. If cells grows…
Q: Can restoring tumor suppressor function, such as mutant p53 or pRb, be used to cure cancer? If…
A: The Cell division is the process through which one cell divides into two identical daughter cells.…
Q: Genetic instability in the form of point mutations, chromosome rearrangements, and epigenetic…
A: A mutation is a form of alteration in which a single change changes a nucleotide of nucleic acid. It…
Q: There are three broad categories of cancer-related genes: proto-oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes,…
A: It is an uncontrollable cell division that get metastasized into surrounding tissues.
Q: What evidence implicates mutagenic chemicals from the outside the body in carcinogenesis, and how…
A: Cancer is the product of a process involving complex interactions between environmental and…
Q: EXPLAIN BRIEFLY: Explain the molecular mechanisms of cancers caused by a P53 gene mutation.
A: Answers P53 also defined as tumour suppressor Gene. Hence it protect the cells from various damages…
Q: A genetic predisposition to developing cancer is usually inheritedas a dominant trait. At the level…
A: Given: A genetic predisposition to developing cancer is usually inherited as a dominant trait. At…
Q: ''Cancer therapies directed solely at killing the rap-idly dividing cells that make up the bulk of a…
A: Cancer is an uncontrolled division of cell that has a defunct apoptosis mechanism. Usually, when…
Q: n of tu
A: Tumour suppressor genes can be defined as the gene that is involved in the regulation and…
Q: Although cancer is not a contagious disease in humans or other vertebrates, there have been rare…
A: Cancer cannot be infected from oone person to another. It cannot spread through direct contact like…
Q: In Metastatic Breast Cancer [such as in Breast Invasive Ductal Carcinoma; Breast Invasive Carcinoma,…
A: In Metastatic Breast Cancer [such as in Breast Invasive Ductal Carcinoma; Breast Invasive Carcinoma,…
Q: Most inherited forms of cancer show a dominant pattern of inheritance in a pedigree. An example is a…
A: BRCA-1 gene is associated with breast cancer which is located on the chromosome-17. This gene was…
Q: can you explain how most cancers are not inherited, but are genetic
A: Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in our body. Cancerous cells have the property…
Some germ-line mutations predispose individuals to
cancer, yet often environmental factors (chemicals,
exposure to radiation) are considered major risks for
developing cancer. Do these views of the cause of
cancer conflict, or can they be reconciled?
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Solved in 2 steps
- Are genome and karyotype instabilities consequencesor causes of cancer?Explain whether a cancercausing mutation in a tumorsuppressor gene, such as p53,is more likely to be a recessive ora dominant mutation.How can researchers pinpoint the particular driver mutations most responsible for the cancer phenotype?
- Explain the molecular mechanisms of cancers caused by a P53 gene mutation.Which genetic cancer predisposition syndrome is caused by germ-line mutations in the p53 gene and is associated with the early onset of cancers and the development of multiple malignant lesions of diverse tissue origins?One major goal of modern cancer therapy is toidentify small molecules—anticancer drugs—that canbe used to inhibit the products of specific cancer-criticalgenes. If you were searching for such molecules, wouldyou design inhibitors for the products of oncogenes orthe products of tumor suppressor genes? Explain why youwould (or would not) select each type of gene.
- Can we identify general featurescommon to all cancer cells—such astheir production of misfolded, mutatedproteins—that can be used for thetargeted destruction of many differenttypes of cancers?Describe two mechanisms by which genetic change causes cancer.How mutations, chromosomal changes epigenetics, and environmental agents play roles in the development of cancer ?
- Skin cancer carries a lifetime risk nearly equal to that of allother cancers combined. Following is a graph [modified fromK. H. Kraemer (1997). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 94:11–14]depicting the age of onset of skin cancers in patients with orwithout XP, where the cumulative percentage of skin cancer is plotted against age. The non-XP curve is based on 29,757 cancerssurveyed by the National Cancer Institute, and the curverepresenting those with XP is based on 63 skin cancers from theXeroderma Pigmentosum Registry.Proto-oncogenes can be converted to oncogenes in a numberof different ways. In some cases, the proto-oncogene itselfbecomes amplified up to hundreds of times in a cancer cell.An example is the cyclin D1 gene, which is amplified in somecancers. In other cases, the proto-oncogene may be mutatedin a limited number of specific ways, leading to alterations inthe gene product’s structure. The ras gene is an example of aproto-oncogene that becomes oncogenic after suffering pointmutations in specific regions of the gene. Explain why thesetwo proto-oncogenes (cyclin D1 and ras) undergo such differentalterations to convert them into oncogenesExplain why each of the following is a risk factor for cancer: age, loss-of-function mutations in repair or tumor-suppressor genes, certain viruses such as HPV, chemical mutagens, radiation/UV light