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- A compound composed of 2.1% H, 29.8% N, and 68.1% Ohas a molar mass of approximately 50 g>mol. (a) Whatis the molecular formula of the compound? (b) What isits Lewis structure if H is bonded to O? (c) What is the geometryof the molecule? (d) What is the hybridization ofthe orbitals around the N atom? (e) How many s and howmany p bonds are there in the molecule?Bond energy : 4. (a) Draw the Lewis structure of NH,BCI, and name the bond between N and B. (b) State the type of orbital hybridization of N in NH3 and in NH3BCI3. NH3: NH;BCI3:For each statement, indicate whether it is true or false. (a) The greater the orbital overlap in a bond, the weaker the bond. [b] The greater the orbital overlap in a bond, the shorter the bond. [c] To create a hybrid orbital, you could use the s orbital on one atom with a p orbital on another atom. [d] Nonbonding electron pairs cannot occupy a hybrid orbital.
- (a) Construct a Lewis structure for O2 in which each atomachieves an octet of electrons. (b) How many bondingelectrons are in the structure? (c) Would you expect theO¬O bond in O2 to be shorter or longer than the O¬Obond in compounds that contain an O¬O single bond?Explain.Which of the following bonds is the most polar (a) H¬F (b) H¬I (c) Se¬F (d) N¬P (e) Ga¬C?The lactic acid molecule, CH3CH1OH2COOH, gives sourmilk its unpleasant, sour taste. (a) Draw the Lewis structurefor the molecule, assuming that carbon always forms fourbonds in its stable compounds. (b) How many p and howmany s bonds are in the molecule? (c) Which CO bond isshortest in the molecule? (d) What is the hybridization ofatomic orbitals around the carbon atom associated withthat short bond? (e) What are the approximate bond anglesaround each carbon atom in the molecule?
- Sodium azide is a shock-sensitive compound that releases N2upon physical impact. The compound is used in automobileairbags. The azide ion is N3-. (a) Draw the Lewis structure of theazide ion that minimizes formal charge (it does not form a triangle).Is it linear or bent? (b) State the hybridization of the centralN atom in the azide ion. (c) How many s bonds and how manyp bonds does the central nitrogen atom make in the azide ion?Which of the following can be used to explain why all bond distances and angles in methane, CH4, are the same? (a) resonance; (b) delocalization of elec tron s; (c) bond polarities; (d) electron ega tivity; (e) orbit al hybridization.(a) Sketch the molecular orbitals of the H2- ion and draw itsenergy-level diagram. (b) Write the electron configuration ofthe ion in terms of its MOs. (c) Calculate the bond order inH2-. (d) Suppose that the ion is excited by light, so that anelectron moves from a lower-energy to a higher-energy molecularorbital. Would you expect the excited-state H2- ion to bestable? (e) Which of the following statements about part (d) is correct: (i) The light excites an electron from a bonding orbitalto an antibonding orbital, (ii) The light excites an electronfrom an antibonding orbital to a bonding orbital, or (iii)In the excited state there are more bonding electrons thanantibonding electrons?
- The sulfate ion can be represented with four S—O bonds orwith two S—O and two S=O bonds. (a) Which representation is better from the stand point of formal charges? (b) What is theshape of the sulfate ion, and what hybrid orbitals of S are postu-lated for the σ bonding? (c) In view of the answer to part (b),what orbitals of S must be used for the π bonds? What orbitalsof O? (d) Draw a diagram to show how one atomic orbital fromS and one from O overlap to form a π bond.Calcium carbide, CaC2,contains the acetylide ion, C22-.Sketch the molecular orbital energy'level diagram for the ion and the electron dot strucure. (a) How many net σ and π bonds does the ion have? (b) What is the carbon-carbon bond order? (c) Compare the valence bond and MO pictures with regard to the number of σ and π bonds and the bond order. (d) How has the bond order changed on adding electrons to C2 to obtain C22-? (e) Is the C22- ion paramagnetic?13. (a) For the following condensed formulas draw the Lewis structures. Include lone pairs in your drawing, 03 (ozone) CH3COOH (b) Write in any non-zero formal charge (c) Give the molecular geometry around the second carbon in CH3COOH (d) What is the hybridization of the second carbon in CH3COOH (e) Give the molecular geometry around the middle O in O3. (f) What is the hybridization of the middle O in O3 14. Draw the line structure of the following compounds? a) (CH3)3CCH₂CH₂NHCH3 15. a. Draw two constitutional isomers with the formula C₂HgBrCl Isomer 1 16. For the molecule below, b) CH3CHO b. Describe ALL the intermolecular forces isomer 1 can participate in OH Isomer 2 3 (a) Circle all functional groups present. (b) Label two of the functional groups next to where you circled them