True or false: Checkpoint blockade therapies such as monoclonal antibodies which bind to PD1/PD-L1 or CTLA-4 work by interfering with the regulation of T cell co-stimulatory pathways
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True or false: Checkpoint blockade therapies such as monoclonal antibodies which bind to PD1/PD-L1 or CTLA-4 work by interfering with the regulation of T cell co-stimulatory pathways
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- TRUE or FALSE: Checkpoint blockade therapies such as monoclonal antibodies which bind to PD1/PD-L1 or CTLA-4 work by interfering with the regulation of T cell co-stimulatory pathways. TRUE or FALSE: These results indicate that autoantibodies likely contribute to the process of pancreatic β-islet cell destruction in these patients.True/False: B-cell receptors and T-cell receptors share a mechanism for generating diversity, and also share overall structural homology both in their V domains and their C domains. This is because the two proteins have nearly identical functions in the immune responses mediated by their respective cell types.Cytotoxic effector T cells also produce inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-g and TNF-a when their T-cell receptor recognizes peptide:MHC on a target cell. One effect of this cytokine secretion is to enhance the ability of CD8 effector T cells to recognize and kill other infected cells in the nearby vicinity. This enhanced activity is due to: The increased production of perforin and granzymes by CD8 cells The up-regulation of MHC class I protein expression by IFN-g The ability of TNF-a to induce vascular leakage The effect of cytokines on promoting target cell apoptosis The effect of IFN-g to enhance viral replication leading to increased viral antigen presentation
- Compare B cell receptors and T cell receptors for the following criteria: BCR TCR Tyrosine kinases Adaptors and scaffold proteins Phospholipases and lipid kinases GTPases, serine/threonine kinases and phosphatases Transcription factors, cytoskeletal changes, adhesion, metabolismAll of the following statements concerning regulatory T cells (Treg) are correct, EXCEPT: The regulatory cytokines produced by regulatory T cells are IL-12 and TGF-B O Thymocytes that recognize self-antigen in the thymus with a certain affinity become natural (central) regulatory T cells O In the periphery T cells that recognize self-antigen in the presence of TGF-B become induced regulatory T cells O A Treg cell can suppress self-reactive lymphocytes that recognize peptides different from that recognized itself provided that the peptides are derived from the same tissue O A Treg cell can suppress self-reactive lymphocytes that recognize peptides different from that recognized by itself provided that the peptides are presented by the same antigen-presenting cell (APC)True/False: Neutrophils regulate the production of active cathelicidins (a class of antimicrobial peptides) by segregating the inactive propeptide from the processing enzyme that cleaves and activates it in two different types of cytoplasmic granules. These two types of granules are induced to fuse with phagosomes after ingestion of microbes, bringing the processing enzyme and the propeptide together.
- true or false The main role of neuroimmune cell units at barrier surfaces is barrier protection .True/False: The second stimulation of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activation involves stimulation of the cell by interleukin 2 released by helper T-lymphocytes.Describes the relationship of the following terms using short terms: Adhesion Molecule(s)Anergic T cellAntigen PresentationAntigen Processing
- True or false: 1. Highly proliferative centroblasts are located in the light-zone rather than the dark zone of the germinal center 2. All memory cells (central memory, effector memory, tissue-resident) have equivalent tissue-homing capacity 3. Effector T cells home to sites of infection through action of tissue-specific chemokines. 4. The differentiation fate of CD4 T cells is pre-determined before activation.Food-derived retinoic acid and commensal bacteria stimulate all three populations of innate lymphoid ells(ILC, ILC2, ILC3) to cause T cell inactivation (anergy) and regulatory T cell (Treg) formation. True FalseDescribe in detail the effect of loss or mutation of LAT & Blk of the following molecules/proteins/genes/domains in immune signaling. Be sure to include the normal function and the function effected by the mutation. Include all relevant players and their roles. You may use diagrams if needed.