Two pathways that yield NADPH in the cytosol, needed for fatty acid biosynthesis, are: (1)(2)The correct repeated sequence of 4 types of chemical reactions involved in the fatty acid biosynthesisare:(1), (2)(3)(4)Which molecule allosterically activates the rate-limiting enzyme of the fatty acid biosynthesis?Tor F Mammals can synthesize 18:3 (469.12) from, 18:2 (4¹2)What is the source of methyl group in the formation of phosphatidylcholine from phosphatidylethanolamine?andIn mammals (strategy-II), phosphatidylcholine is yielded by the condensation of these two molecules.The two precursors for the synthesis of sphingosine in sphingolipids are:

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Biochemistry

6th Edition

ISBN:9781305577206

Author:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. Grisham

Publisher:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. Grisham

Chapter27: Metabolic Integration And Organ Specialization

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 20P: Figure 27.3 illustrates the response of R (ATP-regenerating) and U (ATP-utilizing) enzymes to energy...

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The inilial reactions in the biosynthesis of the amino acid aspartate at 298 K are: Carbamoyphoephate Cartamoyi + phosphate ADP + phoaphate - ATP AO=-12,300 calmol AG-T800 calimol Which of the following statements is gorrect? A) The energy which is released fron the conversion of 1 mole of carbamoyphosphate to carbamoyl+ phosphate (P) in reaction I is sufficient to drive the synthesis of 1 mole of ATP in reaction II. B) AG for the reaction Carbamoyphosphate + Carbamoyl + phosphate is +123 kcalimol. c) AHP for reaction I cannot be detemined trom the information given. D) Al of the above. E) None of the above.
We humans do not express an alpha-Galactosidase enzyme and therefore cannot break down stachyose but the bacteria that live in our large intestine can. These bacteria contain an alpha-Galactosidase enzyme that hydrolyzes the galactopyranosyl-alpha (1-6) glycosidic bonds. The bacteria then ferment the products to generate the gas that is famously associated with eating beans. Draw the Haworth projections of the products of alpha-Galactosidase catalyzed reaction. Name the products of this enzyme catalyzed reaction.
The M and H subunits of lactate dehydrogenase have very similar sizes and shapes but differ in amino acidcomposition. If the only difference between the two were that theH subunit had a glutamic acid in a position where the M subunithad a serine, how would the five isozymes of LDH separate on electrophoresis using a gel at pH 8.6?
In addition to consumption by glycolysis, glucose 6-phosphate is used to generate other 5. (a) key cellular metabolites – including precursors for nucleic acids and modulators of cellular red/ox bal- ance – via the oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway. What nucleic acid precursor mole- cule and what key cofactor are generated by the oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway? Draw the reactions including all reactants and products that comprise this phase of the pathway.
1) A well-fed, resting rat is given a meal that includes glutamate labeled with ¹4C at the y-carbon and ¹3℃ at the B-carbon (see below). Assume the labeled glutamate and unlabeled HCO3 are the only sources of carbon for fatty acid, glucose, and amino acid biosynthesis and the glutamate is converted as directly as possible to glucose, palmitate or aspartic acid. O H H H NH3 + Briefly sketch out the most direct series of steps to make aspartate from glutamate (you do not need to show each step, just outline key intermediates that are shuttled from one pathway to another). Draw each of the possible labeled aspartate molecules that would be produced from the labeled glutamate above and clearly show which carbon(s), if any, would be labeled with ¹4C and/or ¹³℃ in each molecule of aspartate. Briefly sketch out the most direct series of steps to make glucose from glutamate (you do not need to show each step, just outline key intermediates that are shuttled from one pathway to another). Draw…
12 10 0.0 0.5 10 15 20 2.5 Malonyl CoA (uM) Figure 4 (i) Describe B-oxidation steps for an even chain saturated fatty acid. (ii) How many molecules of ATP could be produced from the complete oxidation of the 19 carbon saturated fatty acid, nonadecanoic acid (19:0)? 1-1 ['H)palmitoyl carnitine production (uppoad Suupuouu)
4) Suppose some yeast cells undergoing gluconeogenesis were treated with a 1:1 mixture of the two labeled pyruvate molecules shown below (one pyruvate is labeled with ¹4C at C1 and ¹³C at C3; the other pyruvate is labeled with ¹4C at C3 and ¹3C at C2. Assume that the labeled pyruvate molecules are the only source of carbon to make glucose via gluconeogenesis. Draw the resulting mixture of glucose molecules and clearly show the location of ¹4C and/or ¹³℃ in each glucose. 13CH3 14CH3 13C
16. The overall reaction for the glycolysis reaction is C6H₁2O6(aq) + 2NAD+ (aq) + 2ADP³(aq) + 2HPO(aq) + 2H₂O(1) 2CH3COCO₂ (aq) + 2NADH(aq) + 2ATP4 (aq) + 2H3O+ (aq). What is A,G at chemical equilibrium?
The final step in the pathway for the synthesis of glucose from lactate (gluconeogenesis) is: Glucose-6-phosphate + H20 5 Glucose + Pi When glucose-6-phosphate is incubated with the proper enzyme and the reaction runs until equilibrium has been reached, the final concentrations are found to be: glucose-6-phosphate (0.035 mM), glucose (100 mM), and Pi (100 mM). Calculate AG" at 25°C and pH 7. 10:21 PM 4/21/2021 F5 F6 F7 F8 F10 F9 7 8. Backspace ーの
Most glucose in the human diet comes from plants. Unlike humans, plants transport sucrose instead of glucose. The conversion of sucrose to glucose and fructose is a reversible reaction as shown in Reaction 25.1: Reaction 25.1 Sucrose (aq) + H2O (l) ⇄ Glucose (aq) + Fructose (aq) Under conditions typical of human metabolism, the Keq for Reaction 25.1 is 140,000. At equilibrium, would you expect more of the reactant sucrose or more of the products glucose and fructose to be present? Explain reasoning.
Predict the effect of each of the following mutations on the pace of glycolysis in liver cells: (a) Loss of the allosteric site for ATP in phosphofructokinase (b) Loss of the binding site for citrate in phosphofructokinase (c) Loss of the phosphatase domain of the bifunctional enzyme that controls the level of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate (d) Loss of the binding site for fructose 1,6-bisphosphate in pyruvate kinase
3. (a) Wakil's pioneering studies on fatty acid synthesis included the crucial observation that bicarbonate is required for the synthesis of palmitoyl-CoA. He was surprised to find that very low levels of bicarbonate could sustain palmitate synthesis; that is, there was no correlation between the amount of bicarbonate required and the amount of palmitate produced. Later he also observed that 14C-labeled bicarbonate is not incorporated into palmitate. Explain these observation (b) The condensation reaction catalyzed by B-ketoacyl-ACP synthase generates a 4-carbon unit by combining a 2-carbon unit with a 3-carbon unit and loss of CO2. Write with structural formulas how this occurs. What is the thermodynamic advantage of this way of generating the 4-carbon unit over combining two 2-carbon units as occurs fatty acid oxidation or ketone body reactions" (c) Decide where labeled carbon atoms will be found in palmitate if (i) (3-1“C)malonyl-SCOA or (ii) (2- 14C)malonyl-SCOA are used.

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Two pathways that yield NADPH in the cytosol, needed for fatty acid biosynthesis, are: (1) (2)