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- 15. For cells that are capable of aerobic cellular respiration and fermentation, such as yeast cells, one pathway may be favored over the other in certain circumstances. Which of the following accurately describes an advantage of the fermentation pathway, when compared to aerobic cellular respiration? a) Fermentation is less costly for the cell because it does not involve enzymes b) Fermentation generates a higher amoung of ATP per glucose substrate c) Fermentation is quicker because it does not involve glycolysis d)Fermentation can occur in the absence of oxygen (O2)1. what are the molecular raw materials of cellular respiration which fuel our bodies? 2. which product of cellular respiration is the primary source of energy for cellular actions? 3. which products of cellular respiration is the primary source of energy for cellular actions?1. List the 3 processes of Cellular Respiration in order.A.B. C.2. Where in the cell does each of the following occur?Electron Transport:Glycolysis:Krebs Cycle:3. Which process(es) requires Oxygen?4. Which process(es) does not require Oxygen?
- 7. Why are electron carriers (NAD+/NADH and FAD/FADH2) so important in the process of cellular respiration? a) They deliver electrons to the ETC, which in turn sets up chemiosmosis, where most of the ATP is generated. b) They separate the electrons from the protons so that the protons can be moved out of the mitochondrion. c) NADH and FADH2 are major components of the ETC, so without them, there would be no ETC in the cell. d) The electrons that they carry are able to directly phosphorylate ADP in order to generate the bulk of ATP in the cell. e) They transport protons across the mitochondrial membrane.4. The diagram below illustrates time dependent O₂ uptake by isolated skeletal muscle mito- chondria under various conditions that affect the rate of respiration. The following abbreviations with arrows indicate when addition of various ingredients is made to the reaction chamber: The vertical, red lines have been added to help delineate time intervals corresponding to addition and metabolic con- version of ADP. Abbreviations: Med addition of 0.3 M sucrose; Pi: addition of 0.01 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.4; Mw: addition of isolated, intact mitochondria; Pyr + Mal: addition of 0.01 M pyruvate + 0.01 M malate; ADP : addition of adenosine 5'-diphosphate; Oligo/mg: addition of oligomycin/mg protein; FCCP : addition of the uncoupler FCCP. Med Pyr+Mal P₁ 190μM ADP ↓ 20μM 02 T H 190μM ADP I Minute 475μM ADP 2μM FCCP 13μg Oligo/mg -[0₂] = 0 ATP [ATP] = 0 ApH = (pH matrix -pHout) ApH = 0 Start Finish (a) Why is there an increase in the rate of O2 uptake for the first two additions of ADP and why…6. The lens of the eye is the light refracting medium of the eye, and it has no mitochondria. Glucose is used as an energy source in the lens. Which metabolic pathway of glucose supplics energy to the crystalline eye lens? To answer the question: a) write a diagram of the metabolic pathway that provides the eye's lens with ATP, specify enzymes and coenzymes; b) mark the reactions associated with the ATP consumption and synthesis, calculate the ATP yield during the process; c) specify the mechanisms of ATP synthesis in the process; d) name the tissues and cells in which the ATP synthesis is the same as in the lens; e) write the dehydrogenation reaction and the reaction of final product formation occurring in the process; 6.3. Gluconeogenesis. Regulation of Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis 271 ) indicate the fate of the end product of the process and the consequences of its accumulation.
- 1. How do peroxisomes quench the reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced or that has entered the cells?4. Yeast can produce ATP through either aerobic or anaerobic respiration, depending on whether oxygen is present. If oxygen is present, yeast cells consume glucose much more slowly than if oxygen is absent. Provide an explanation for this observation.4. Why is the TCA cycle the central pathway of metabolism of the cell? Explain TCA cycle in your own words. proper explanation and diagram
- 1. What would be the effect on ATP production during chemiosmosis and oxidative phorphorylation, if the pH within the inner membrane space of the mitochondrion were decreased, assuming no effect of pH on the structure of proteins in the membrane? 2. What would be the effect on production of ATP from photosynthesis, assuming no effect on enzyme/protein stability, if the pH of the chloroplast stroma were lowered?6. The lens of the eye si the light refracting medium of the eye, and ti has no mitochondria. Glucose is used sa an energy source ni the lens. Which metabolic pathway of glucose supplies energy to the crystalline eye lens? To answer the question: a) write a diagram of the metabolic pathway that provides the eye's lens with ATP, specify enzymes and coenzymes; b) mark the reactions associated with the ATP consumption and synthesis, calculate the ATP yield during the process; )c specify the mechanisms ofATP synthesis ni the process; d)name the tissues and cells in which the ATP synthesis is the same as in hte lens; e) writethe dehydrogenation reaction and the reactionoffinal product formation occurring in the process;3. Explain the total (net) yield of ATP from Aerobic respiration in three of the different stages of cellular respiration (Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport Chain). Pyruvate oxidation or the Link reactions does not make ATP. In other words, how many total ATP energy molecules are produced in each cycle and which steps in the different cycles make the ATP. Explain the yield in reference to the overall cellular respiration Equation.
