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- Watch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/neurotrans) to learn about the release of a neurotransmitter. The action potential reaches the end of the axon, called the axon terminal, and a chemical signal is released to tell the target cell to do something, either initiate a new action potential, or to suppress that activity. In a very short space, the electrical signal of the action potential is changed into the chemical signal of a neurotransmitter, and then back to electrical changes in the target cell membrane. What is the importance of voltage-gated calcium channels in the release of neurotransmitters?Which of the following is true of ACh (acetylcholine)? O It cannot be degraded within the synaptic cleft to which it was released; it must be internalized and degraded by the cell that receives it O It is always excitatory because it causes the entrance of Na+ into a cell which leads to an increase in intracellular mV O It is released via exocytosis from the axon terminal of a somatic motor neuron O It is released via exocytosis from all pre-ganglionic motor neurons of the ANSWhich of the following structures has activity like acetylcholine? HyC H-C HC NMeg NMey D]
- Students in a veterinary school are given the following hypotheticalproblem: A dog ingests organophosphate poison, and the students areresponsible for saving the animal’s life. Organophosphate poisons bindto and inhibit acetylcholinesterase. Several substances the studentscould inject include the following: acetylcholine, curare (which blocksacetylcholine receptors), and potassium chloride. If you were a studentin the class, what would you advise to save the animal?Which of the following statements are true with regards to the differences between a neuromuscular junction, and a standard central nervous system (CNS) synapse? Select all that apply. O The neuromuscular junction is a synapse between a neuron (alpha motor neuron) and a muscle fibre. CNS synapses connect two neurons. The graded potential generated by a neuromuscular junction has a much larger voltage than that of a CNS synapse. The structure of the neuromuscular junction ensures that an action potential in the alpha motor neuron always results in an action potential in the post-synaptic muscle fibre. CNS synapses do not guarantee this. The neuromuscular junction always uses Acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter, whereas CNS synapses may use a variety of neurotransmitters depending on their location and functionWhich part of the phosphatidylcholine molecule would be the most non-polar (hydrophobic)? the trimethylamine group the phosphate group the fatty acid group the glycerol group the choline group
- Predatory cone snails are beautiful (picture below), but deadly - they release a cocktail of toxins that affect multiple aspects of neuronal function. One of these toxins is called omega-conotoxin, and it blocks (inhibits) voltage-gated calcium channels. What impact would this have on chemical synaptic transmission? Action potentials cannot be initiated O b. Action potentials can be initiated, but cannot propagate down axons and thus cannot reach terminals O c. Action potentials can propagate and reach terminals, but neurotransmitter release is not possible o d. Neurotransmitters can be released from terminals, but they cannot bind to receptors O . Neurotransmitters can be released and can bind to receptors, but PSPS will not occurWhich part of the phosphatidylcholine molecule would be the most negatively-charged? the fatty acid group the trimethylamine group the glycerol group the phosphate group the choline groupIf acetylcholinesterase fails to function properly, which of the following would be a consequence? O Inhibition of calcium channels O Inhibition of calcium pumps O Constant muscle cell relaxation Failure to reuptake acetylcholine
- Which part of the phosphatidylcholine molecule would be the least polar (least hydrophilic)? the fatty acid group the trimethylamine group the glycerol group the phosphate group the choline groupAre these true or false? Acetylcholine molecules are actively transported from the axon to their receptors on the muscle membrane by special transport proteins. Receptors on the post-synaptic cell membrane that bind the acetylcholine are voltage-gated channels (channels that open in response to a change in the electrical charge of the membrane). When a muscle cell is not contracting its cell membrane is negative on the inner surface. The effect of a neurotransmitter on the muscle cell membrane is to modify its ion permeability properties temporarily. During depolarization, a small region of the muscle cell's membrane becomes less negative on the inside." Both sodium and potassium are more concentrated in the extracellular fluid than the intracellular fluid. After an action potential passes over a region of the sarcolemma the region remains positively charged throughout the entire muscle contraction. An increase in the calcium ion level in the cytosol causes thin filaments to begin…The regulation of neurotransmitters DOES NOT include reuptake of the neurotransmission from the synaptic space degradation at the synaptic space O altering the rate of neurotransmitter release Ochanging the speed of receptor binding
