Why is it sometimes so hard to hide the occurrence and recovery from failures in a distributed system?
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Message passing is both time- and space-coupled - that is, messages are both directed towards a particular entity and require the receiver to be present at the time of the message send. Consider the case of using the VVU learning platform, where you connect using URL "learning.vvu.edu.gh" rather than an IP address and this name is resolved using DNS. Does such a system exhibit the same level of indirection?
Why is it sometimes so hard to hide the occurrence and recovery from failures in a distributed system?
In the context of distributed computing, suggest five benefits of openness.
Assuming a colleague is implementing an asynchronous communication paradigm in a software project, can we say the communication is time-uncoupled? Use appropriate illustrations to defend your answer.
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- Below is example simulation based on Cisco Packet Tracer! Try to make an interconnection between 3 pieces of network that are connected to a router. Innetwork-1 has a DNS Server and 1 workstation, on network-2 there is an HTTP Server(.com domain) and 1 work station, on network-3 there is an HTTP Server(on the domain .com) and 1 work station. Do such a configuration so that each work station can access the existing server services on the three those networks?Here, we'll contrast "connectionless" and "connection-based" protocols to see what makes them unique.Consider a 2G - GSM mobile phone which has been turned off for a while. The user turns it on and tries to make a phone call to another mobile phone in the same mobile operator's network which is also a 2G network. Write down ALL messaging between various components of the GSM architecture and the mobile phone being turned on until the call is established (so do not consider the other side of the phone call) in a timeline with appropriate messaging and names of the channels being used. When making a phone call assume that the user fails in the first 2 random- access trials and succeeds on the 3rd random-access trial.
- A person's e-mail address is his or her login name @ the name of a DNS domain with an MX record. Login names can be first names, last names, initials, and all kinds of other names. Suppose that a large company decided too much e-mail was getting lost because people did not know the login name of the recipient. Is there a way for them to fix this problem without changing DNS? If so, give a proposal and explain how it works. If not, explain why it is impossible.Over a network using WEP, we were able to capture two frames with the sameInitialization Vector (IV). The following are the encrypted messages:• First frame encrypted message:1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 11 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0• Second frame encrypted message:1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 11 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0We also know that one of the messages is a control message with the following plaintext content:0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 01 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 01. Find the plaintext of the other message.2. If the captured messages were from two different stations on a network that usesTKIP, is it possible to find the plaintext of the other message? Explain why orwhy not possible.Draw a sequence diagram for air ticket reservation which have 6 different classifiers such as User, Mobile Device, WAP Gateway, WebServer, Apache and Database Server. User sends the message Requestflightinfo ( ) to Mobile device and get back reply as Displayflightinfo ( ). Mobile device sends the message of connectthroughWAP( ) to WAP Gateway and receives the message as Sendthroughchannel( ).WAP Gateway sends message Authenticate( ) to Webserver and gets reply as Responseinfo( ). Apache will get the message to ActivateApache( ) from webserver and receives WMLcontent ( ).Apache will send ExecuteQuery( ) message to Database Server and receives Retrieveinfo( ).
- What are the two most compelling arguments for utilising layered protocols? Give instances to back up your point.Suppose we have a web page which contains 10 objects including: a html main file, 8 jpg image, and a .mp3 background music. For simplicity, assume each of the 10 objects has a size of 4 Kbits and that each object can be completely transferred in one TCP packet. Furthermore, assume the round-trip time between the server and client is RTT= 250 ms, and the download rate is 1 Mbps. What will be the time it takes to complete transferring the web page running in the non-persistent mode? Total delay = msOne of the problems with the Internet email system is that sending forged emails is relatively straightforward, i.e., it is easy to send an email with a fake sender/from address. One solution to this problem would be for a domain’s mail servers to digitally sign any email originating from the domain. For this to be useful, the public key would need to be made available to clients to validate the signatures. It is proposed that the public keys of the mail servers will be verified and signed by a certification authority (same as SSL/TLS certificates) and distributed via a standardised URL for the domain, e.g., https://mybusiness.com/email.pubkey. (a) Explain how the client would obtain the public key and validate the email server’s digital signatures. (b) Discuss the problem of trusting the obtained public key and how this solution results in public keys that can/cannot be trusted. (c) Indicate whether you believe this approach could be used to prevent forged emails and explain why it…
- What is the difference between network applications and application layer protocols? Both HTTP and FTP can be used for downloading and uploading files. Give one similarity and one difference between the two protocols. What is the purpose of the IF-MODIFIED-SINCE field in an HTTP GET message?The MVC design pattern is often used when creating websites. In this case, how is the user's communication with the server most often realized (orange arrows in the picture)? Select one: a. The user communicates from a client application (such as a Web browser) using the HTTP protocol. When a request is created with a specific URL, a controller is selected, which, after loading the data into the model, passes the model to the view and sends it in response. b. The user communicates using the TCP / UDP protocol. The controller takes over the application call and selects the view that will handle the request. The view reads the data and sends a response to the user. c. The user calls the controller via a client application (such as a Web browser or mobile application). The controller finds out from the model which view should be used, fills it with data and sends it in response to the user. d. The user calls the controller via a client application (such as a Web browser). The…Among the following, which two are the strongest justifications for using layered protocols? If you make a claim, you should back it up with proof.