Write a one-sentence answer to each question. (a) Why does liver damage cause jaundice? (b) Why do individuals with congenital erythropoietic porphyria become anemic? (c) Why does a genetic deficiency of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase cause homocystinuria?
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- Why is microcytic normochromic anemia a symptom of peptic ulcer disease?What explains the observation that some forms of porphyria are associated with jaundice while others are not? Some porphyrias, but not all, are due to defects in heme metabolizing enzymes that cause a buildup of bilirubin, which causes jaundice. Some porphyrias, but not all, are due to defects in heme metabolizing enzymes that increase urobilin, which is yellow and concentrated in urine. Some porphyrias, but not all, are due to defects in ABO blood type enzymes that cause a buildup of bilirubin, which causes jaundice. Some porphyrias, but not all, are due to defects in heme metabolizing enzymes that cause a buildup of biliverdin, which is green in color. 271The patient has an increase in the activity of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase in the blood serum. a) Damage to which organ is most likely in the patient b) Which group of blood enzymes does it belong to? c) The activity of what other enzymes increases in blood serum when this organ is affected?
- Pernicious anemia is an autoimmune disease that leads to the destruction of parietal cells. How does the loss of these cells lead to ECL (enterochromafin-like) cells hyperplasia? Describe the likely steps in this pathophysiological process.65 of 145 65. A 58-year-old man has edema of the lower extremities, ascites, and bilateral pleural effusions. Which of the following additional findings would help exclude a diagress of porta heteron in this patient? A) Dilated hemorrhoidal veins B) Dilated lower abdominal wall veins C) Esophageal varices D) Jugular venous pressure of 12 mm Hg OE) Lower extremity varicose veinsAnimal and clinical studies have shown that administration of lactated Ringer’s solution to patients with hypovolemic shock may() A) Increase serum lactate concentration B) Impair liver function C) Improve hemodynamics by alleviating the deficit in the interstitial fluid compartment D) Increase metabolic acidosis E) Increase the need for blood transfusion
- (1) List the following histological findings of atherosclerotic disease in order from least severe to most severe i. 11. Rupture leading to haemorrhage or thrombosis Accumulation of small extracellular lipid pools Fibrotic/calcific layers V. iv. Predominant intracellular lipid accumulation Extracellular lipid core vi b) iv iv →ii → v→ iii → i viiiiii →iviii c) iv d) iiiviii vi e) iviiiii viA patient was scheduled for a full lipoprotein profile that requires that the patient fast for 12 hours. The patient complied with this but his plasma was still cloudy in appearance. This suggests: A) a deficiency in chylomicron production. B) a deficiency of lipoprotein lipase. C) a deficiency of adipose triglyceride lipase. OD) familial hypercholesterolemia. OE) none of the above.A patient was scheduled for a full lipoprotein profile that requires that the patient fast for 12 hours. The patient complied with this but his plasma was still cloudy in applearance. This suggests: OA) a deficiency in chylomicron production. B) a deficiency of lipoprotein lipase. C) a deficiency of adipose triglyceride lipase. D) familial hypercholesterolemia. E) none of the above.