1. In a population of 1000 bison, there are two alleles at the B locus. It acts incompletely dominantly, so that you are able to figure out each animal's genotype simply by observing its phenotype. How convenient. You find 665 BB, 225 Bb, and 110 bb bison. a) What are the allele frequencies of B and b? (round off the number) b) Using the allele frequencies, what numbers (not just fractions, but numbers of actual bison in this population of 1000 and yes you can round off) would you expect to be BB, Bb, and bb? Do you think this bison population is in HW equilibrium?
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- 1. The ability to taste the compound PTC is controlled by a dominant allele T, while individuals homozygous for the recessive allele (t) cannot taste PTC. In a population consisting of 500 individuals, 347 are tasters and 153 are non-PTC tasters. Calculate the frequency of the T and t alleles in this population, and frequency of the genotypes.(Please train yourself to use the Hardy-Weinberg equation.)To present your answers, follow the format in the picture below.1. For a single locus with two alleles, A₁ and A₂: (a) Draw a graph (using graph paper) showing both the frequency of A₁ A2 heterozy- gotes and A₂ A₂ homozygotes, at Hardy-Weinberg frequencies, as functions of p (the frequency of A₁). Note that both p and the genotype frequencies should have values between 0 and 1. (b) Find the value of p above which A₁ A2 genotypes are more common than A₂42 genotypes. You can solve this algebraically, or estimate it from your graphs. 2. Consider three loci, A, B, and C, each with two alleles, with the frequencies of A₁, B₁, and C₁ all being We look at a population and find that there are four distinct haplotypes, shown here, each with a frequency of: A₁ B1 TT A1 C₁ B1 A₂ B₂ AT C₂ A₂ B₂ C₁ C₂ Of the three pairs of loci (AB, AC, and BC) which pair(s) are in Gametic Equilibrium (D = 0) and which are in Gametic Disequilibrium (D ‡0)? [Hint: Consider each pair separately, ignoring the other locus. For example: for the BC pair, consider the four…26. Snow geese (Chen caerulescens) come in two color types, white “snows” and “blues” with dark bodies. A single gene controls coloration, where the dark (“blue”) allele (D) is dominant. A population of 30,012 geese includes 9236 dark individuals. Genetic testing reveals that 7636 of the 9236 dark individuals are heterozygous (Dd). What is the actual frequency of allele D? 0.819 0.181 0.435 0.347
- 1.: Male side-blotched lizards display throat color polymorphisms; some males have orange throats, some have yellow throat stripes, and some have blue throats. The following table gives genotypes observed in a California population in 1993. Genotype Individuals 2 10 oy ob 14 yy 32 yb bb 42 Please calculate: a) The allele frequencies. b) The observed heterozygosity. Note that you have more than one type of heterozygote at this locus. c) The expected heterozygosity.1.)The frequency of the R allele for round seeds in a certain population of 500 peas wasfound to be 0.45. How many of them were wrinkled? How many of them had the rr genotype? How many of them were round? 2.)In humans, a dominant allele controls the formation of a cleft chin, a Y-shaped fissurein the chin caused by an atypical bone formation in the mandible (this phenotypeis also known as a chin dimple). A survey of 1200 college students found that108 of them did not have a cleft chin. What was the frequency of heterozygotes inthat student population?3) A locus controlling stripe intensity in snakes is known to possess two alleles that are codominant (both alleles are expressed in heterozygotes, and in this case, heterozygotes have a phenotype that is intermediate). This locus is also known to be X linked, with males being the heterogametic sex. A researcher wanted to determine if a population was randomly mating using stripe intensity. She enumerated phenotypes among 200 individuals in the population and obtained the following results. Phenotype # males # females Strong Stripe Intensity 40 16 Intermediate Stripe Intensity 0 48 Weak Stripe Intensity 60 36 Totals 100 100 200 A) Use a X goodness of fit test to determine if genotype frequencies conform to those expected if the population is randomly mating, given that we know the locus is X linked. (Hints: think carefully about the number of classes and expected number of individuals within each class, and in this case, we lose 1 degree of freedom for using observed numbers of males,…
- (1 point) Humans with the genotypes DD and Dd show the Rh+ blood phenotype, whereas those with the genotype dd show the Rh- blood phenotype. In a sample of 400 Basques from Spain, 230 people were Rh+ and 170 people were Rh-. Assuming that this population is in Hardy-Weinberg proportions, what is the allele frequency of the allele D? (a) (a) 0.348 (answer) (b) (b) 0.652 (c) (c) 0.425 (d) (d) 0.575 (e) (e) 0.288 2. (2 points) In the Basque population mentioned above, what proportion of the Rh+ individuals would be expected to be heterozygote? (a) (a) 0.454 (b) (b) 0.789 (answer) (c) (c) 0.516 (d) (d) 0.250 (e) (e) 0.500 How is the answer for #2, b? please explain1. In a population at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, 190 out of 1000 individuals have polydactyly. Note that the trait is dominant. (6 pts) a. What is the frequency of the dominant and recessive alleles? b. How many individuals in the population are expected to be heterozygotes? c. How many individuals in the population are expected to be homozygous dominant?3. Frequency Calculation In a population of 80 rabbits, 20 are homozygous dominant, 40 are heterozygotes, and 20 are albino homozygous recessive. a. Provide the frequencies of each genotype and the frequencies of each allele in the gene pool. Use proper notation (for example, f(AA)). Answer: b. Why do the frequencies add up to 1? Answer:
- 1) In cats, the allele for white fur(W) is completely dominant and will result in cats with all white fur in both the homozygous dominant and heterozygous cases. Suppose you look at 50 cats and notice that none of them are completely white. What's the allele frequency for the white fur allele in this population? 2) In carnations, the allele that makes red pigment (R) in flowers is incompletely dominant. Flowers that are red are homozygous dominant and those are pink are heterozygous. White flowers (r) are the result of the recessive allele. Suppose you look at a field of 100 carnations and notice 42 of the plants produce red flowers, 42 have pink flowers, and 16 produce white flowers. What's the allele frequency for both the red (R) and white (r) alleles?p? + 2pq + q? = 1 (to determine the genotype frequencies) and p+q =1 (to determine the allele frequencies) p = frequency of the dominant allele in the population q = frequency of the recessive allele in the population p = percentage of homozygous dominant individuals q?: = percentage of homozygous recessive individuals 2pq = percentage of heterozygous individuals Homework Problems For these problems you will need to use a calculator and can round for the percentages. the nearest who number Example problem: You have sampled a population in which you know that the percentage of the homozygous recessive genotype (aa) is 36%. Using that 36%, calculate the following: A. The frequency of the "aa" genotype. Answer: 36% (given) B. The frequency of the "a" allele. Answer: The frequency of aa is 36%, which means that q? = 0.36. If q? = 0.36, then q = 0.6, because 0.62 is equal to 0.36. Since q equals the frequency of the a allele, then the frequency is 60%. C. The frequency of the "A" allele.…1. Imagine a population of 100 snails in which the shell colour is controlled by two alleles: B (black) and b (yellow). (1) What is the total number of loci for shell colour gene in this population? (ii) In the snail population described above, 20 out of the snails are yellow (bb) and 80 are black (BB or Bb). Of the 80 black snails=, 30 are homozygous and 50 are heterozygous. How many loci for this gene are occupied by the B allele? (ii) What is the frequency of the B allele? (iv) Assuming that sexual reproduction takes place with random mating, no gene flow and no selection, what will be the frequency of yellow snails in next generation of the population described above? (v) What will be the frequency of the b allele in the next generation of the snail population described below