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- op of Form Normal Levels of Substances in the Arterial Blood: pH 7.40 + 0.05 pCO2 (partial pressure of carbon dioxide) 40 mm Hg pO2 (partial pressure of oxygen) 90 - 100 mm Hg Hemoglobin - O2 saturation 94 - 100 % [HCO3-] 24 meq / liter Vignette #1: A 21-year-old noncompliant female with a history of type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus was found in a coma. Her blood glucose was high, as well as her urine glucose, urine ketones, and serum ketones. Her serum bicarbonate was < 12 mEq/L. Her respiration was exaggerated, and her breath had an acetone odor. Her blood pressure was 90/60 and his pulse weak and rapid (120). 1. Define noncompliant. 2. Is this person experiencing ketoacidosis or insulin shock? Explain your answer. 3. Why is the serum bicarbonate low? 4. What is the acid-base status of this individual? 5. What are the causes of the dyspnea, hypotension, and tachycardia? 6. What type of treatment does this person need?…Hemophilia B, an X-linked genetic disorder which highly affects males, is a condition in which levels of Factor VIII are significantly decreased. Please describe the physiologic pathway which utilizes Factor VIII and describe the consequences of missing this factor from a physiologic perspective.Similarly, the change in the concentration of metabolites during oxidation of beta-hydroxybutyrate leads to anincrease in the reduction potential at CoQ from −4 to +12 mV. What is the significance of these changes inreduction potential?
- Hemoglobin molecules exposed to high levels of glucose areconverted to glycated products. The most common, referred to as hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C), contains a b-chain glycatedadduct. Because red blood cells last about 3 months, HbA1Cconcentration is a useful measure of a patient’s blood sugarcontrol. In general terms, describe why and how HbA1Cforms.(c) Discuss the mechanism of action of the enzyme chymotrypsin.Describe the two phases of the the HMP shunt. Enumerate the reactions in each phase and the corresponding enzyme of each reation. Explain how the HMP shunt is regulated?
- Propionic acidemia has a relatively high prevalence in South Africa, among both black and white families. This fatal disease is often diagnosed by the elevated presence of propionyl carnitine, propionylglycine and methyl citrate in blood and urine. Discuss the metabolism involved and origin of these markers.If normal plasma pH is 7.4 and normal [CO2) is 1.2 mM, what is the normal (HCO321? The pK9 for this system is 6.1. Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) has three dissociable protons, with the pK,'s shown below. Which form of phosphoric acid predominates in a solution at pH 4? Explain your answer. Acid H3POA 2.14 H2PO4 6.86 HPO,2- 12.4Consumption of nitrate-rich vegetables such as spinach have been shown to reduce blood pressure in prehypertensive individuals (i.e., those having no history of clinical hypertension), a phenomenon attributed to increased nitric oxide synthesis. Describe the reactions that convert nitrate (NO3 −) to nitric oxide (NO•) in the body.
- Provide a diagram of the EPH RECEPTOR B2 (EPHB2) structure. Give annotations of binding sites and enzyme active sites.Determine the effect (either no effect, increase, or decrease) of the following: a. What is the effect of high cholesterol in the LDL receptor synthesis? Explain. b. What is the effect of intaking statin on the concentration of squalene? Explain.Please state if the statements are true or false. 1. Erythrulose is a ketopentose2. The conversion of 1 mole of malate to 1 mole oxaloacetate produces 1 mole of NADH
