Concept explainers
To review:
The branching of fungi and animals within the clade Opisthokonta.
Introduction:
The evolution of prokaryotes and eukaryotes took place at different periods according to various theories of evolution. The evolutionary history of many eukaryotic microbes can be studied with the help of common morphological characters and molecular sequences. This provides clues about the evolution of multiple species from the common ancestor.
Explanation of Solution
The eukaryotes evolved in many diverse forms such as amoeba, paramecium, protists, fungi, algae, and animals. These species are arranged into branched trees called clades as per their origin. The clade Opisthokonta includes Eumycota (true fungi), Metazoa (multicellular animals), and certain protists.
Some evidences show the closeness among fungi and animals. One such evidence is the presence of similar insertion or deletion sequences in fungi and animals. These sequences can be studied by genome analysis. For example, the presence of a short sequence insertion in elongation factor 1α (EF-1α). Twelve amino acids are encoded by this insert that is found in fungi and animals and is absent in plants and protists.
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Chapter 20 Solutions
Microbiology: An Evolving Science (Fourth Edition)
- Describe the morphology of oomycetes. Which protists are known for their cytoplasmic streaming movement? Which protists occasionally resemble tiny snails? What are the shells made of? Which group of protists have elaborate exteriors of glassy silica and are very common in the fossil record? What supergroup do land plants share a common ancestor with? What protists are common in tropical waters and are generally called “seaweeds?” Which of the algaes are the furthest living relatives to land plants? Which algaes are the closest living relatives to land plants? Which protists move using tube-like pseudopodia? Which protist group exhibits similarities to fungi as a result of convergent evolution? Which protist group takes on a slug form when nutrients are hard to come by? What protist group do animals share a common ancestor with? What are the choanoflagellates are believed to resemble? Which group contains at least one type of human parasite? Ecology of…arrow_forwardif global warming trends continue, many species, including protists and fungi, may become extinct due to habitat loss. Name two ecological roles of protists and two ecological roles of fungiarrow_forwardWhich of the following is not true of the protists? (a) they are unicellular, colonial, coenocytic, or simple multicellular organisms (b) their cilia and flagella have a 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules (c) they are prokaryotic, as bacteria and archaea are (d) some are free-living, and some are endosymbionts (e) most are aquatic and live in the ocean or in freshwater pondsarrow_forward
- Compare and Contrast the differences and similarities between Fungi and Protista (4 differences and 4 similarities). Compare and Contrast the differences and similarities between Animalia and Fungi (4 differences and 4 similarities). Compare and Contrast the differences and similarities between Plantae and Fungi (4 differences and 4 similarities).arrow_forwardAlgae are autotrophs and can have photosynthesis, however, evolutionary evidence suggests that plants shared a common ancestor with only green algae and are closest relatives of Charophytes. What evidences support this statement? How an algal cell is different from fungal cells, even if both are eukaryotes? Why slime mold is a protist not a fungus even if it does not have chloroplast?arrow_forwardIs protist dna in a nucleus unicellular or multicellular?According to the phylogeny presented in this chapter which protists are in the same eukaryotic supergroup as plants a) green algae b) dinoflagellates c) red algaed both a and c in a lifecycle with alternation of generations multicellular haploid forms alternate with a unicellular haploid forms b unicellular diploid formsc multicellular haploid forms d) multicellular diploid formsarrow_forward
- Clapter 4. Define and identify properties of biofilms Familiarize yourself with the following structures and what purpose(s) they se o Glycocalyx (both slime layer and capsule) Fimbriae o Flagella, distinguish the different flagella arrangements axial filament sex pili cell wall plasma membrane inclusions ribosomes plasmids nucleoid chromosome o endospores What characteristics distinguish the Domain Archaea and Domain Bacteria? Regarding cellwall hp O o 0 O O 0 0 oarrow_forwardA) A major difference between eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells is that eukaryotic cells Group of answer choices exhibit little if any compartmentalization of function are generally smaller than prokaryotic cells have a large degree of internal organization lack organelles have little if any internal organization B) Which of the following statements about protists is false? Group of answer choices Some protists are mixotrophic Certain protists share a common ancestor with land plants Some protists are photosynthetic prokaryotes which are similar to the ancestral chloroplast Protists are a polyphyletic group of organisms that often bear little resemblance to each other Although most protists are unicellular, some protists are multicellular as wellarrow_forwardProtists are(a) single-celled eukaryotes.(b) multicellular eukaryotes.(c) single-celled prokaryotes.(d) single-celled akaryote. Please try to break the solutions into as many steps as practically possible and the steps should come one by one and they should be short and crisp and plagiarism-free.arrow_forward
- Put a checkmark (1) on the group where each of the following structures are present. Cellular Structures Plantae Animalia FungiProtista Monera 1. Nucleus 2. Nucleoid 3. Nucleolus 4. Ribosomes 5. Golgi Body 6. Endoplasmic reticulum 7. Plasma membrane 8. Centriole 9. Cell wall 10. Chloroplast 11. Mitochondria 12. Cytoplasm 13. Cytoskeleton 14.Pigments 15. DNAarrow_forwardWhat distinguishes protists from prokaryotes? What distinguishes protists from fungi, land plants, and animals?arrow_forwardGive arguments to support the hypothesis that chytrids may have been the earliest fungal group to evolve from the most recent common ancestor of fungi.arrow_forward
- Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)BiologyISBN:9781305389892Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillanPublisher:Cengage Learning