Concept explainers
a)
Interpretation:
- The given substituents has to be predicted.
Concept Introduction:
Electronic effect:
Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.
Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.
b)
Interpretation:
The given substituents to be predicted
Concept Introduction:
Electronic effect:
Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.
Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.
c)
Interpretation:
- The following substituents to be predicted.
Concept Introduction:
Electronic effect:
Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.
Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.
d)
Interpretation:
- The following substituents to be predicted.
Concept Introduction:
Electronic effect:
Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.
Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.
e)
Interpretation:
- The following substituents to be predicted.
Concept Introduction:
Electronic effect:
Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.
Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.
f)
Interpretation:
- The following substituents to be predicted.
Concept Introduction:
Electronic effect:
Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.
Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.
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Organic Chemistry (8th Edition)
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