Concept explainers
To review:
The reason for not observing the extra set of limbs in humans as a result of homeotic mutations, as observed in the case of Drosophila.
Introduction:
In case of Drosophila, the homeotic selector genes regulate the characteristic structures of each segment. Most of the homeotic genes are present in two regions of chromosome III. Antennapedia complex is the first region and bithorax complex is the second region. These genes are not unique to fruit fly, many other organisms also contains these genes. The homeotic mutants of Drosophila leads to bizarre
Explanation of Solution
The homeotic genes are always considered as powerful developmental genes which are preserved and modified along with the evolutionary line. These genes regulate the identity of the body segments along the head-tail axis. The mutation in these genes defects the signalling related to the formation of body parts. The beginning of body parts specification is done in the early embryo development. In humans, the homeotic mutation cause few diseases like lymphomas, in which white blood cells follows wrong lineage, DiGeorge syndrome, lack of thymus and parathyroid, abnormality in nose, ear, mouth and legs.
The mutation in Hox D13 leads to a genetic disorder known as synpolydactyly, in which extra fingers or toes are present in the fused form.
Thus it is concluded that homeotic genes play an important role in regulating the structural parts of body in different organisms including plants. The effect of mutation is not exactly same in all, in case of humans these mutations results a number of abnormalities like synpolydactyly (fused extra fingers or toes), DiGeorge syndrome, etc.
Want to see more full solutions like this?
Chapter 9 Solutions
Developmental Biology
- 9:31 AM Wed Apr 12 к 7 Step 1: Read Scenario In 1991, when he was just thirty years old, actor Michael J. Fox was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. While Parkinson's normally afflicts adults over the age of sixty (roughly the disease strikes about 1% of that age group), as Michael J. Fox's case indicates, younger people can develop Parkinson's as well. We do not yet fully understand Parkinson's disease, but we do know that with Parkinson's, the patient's brain cells (or neurons) die off. The neurons affected by Parkinson's control motor function and mood. Persons with advanced Parkinson's have trouble moving and speaking, and their hands and legs may tremble, twitch, or freeze up. They may also experience mood swings and depression. In the very late stages of the disease, they can also lose mental function. Assignment Details Philosophy and Ethics A Currently, no cure exists for Parkinson's disease. Scientists hope, however, that at some point in the future, embryonic stem cells…arrow_forwardProject 2 Muscle Diseases: Muscular Dystrophy1Spunky is a 5-year-old girl who has very large calf muscles and shows severe weakness in her leg and armmuscles. Laboratory tests showed that Spunky has high levels of creatine phosphokinase in her urine. The doctor explained to her parents that Spunky!s muscles are being replaced by fat and connective tissue because her body cells cannot metabolize protein properly. As a result, Spunky!s cells cannot produce creatine from amino acids. Therefore, she cannot store creatine phosphate in her muscles that is necessary to provide energy for her muscles to contract. Help Spunky!s parents understand her disease by completing the following tasks.2. Write the origin and insertion point of each muscle.3. Draw a diagram to show how a muscle fiber uses energy for contraction.arrow_forwardPractice Question 8 - Below are two cell signalling pathways that work together to regulate cell growth, proliferation and ultimately the size of organs in O.Extremus. In other closely related organisms, dysfunction of these pathways has been associated with tumor growth. MTOR pathway: 1. Growth factors bind and stimulate the receptors. crosstalk Hippo Pathway 2. Receptors can activate the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) – Akt signaling pathway. MTOR Pathway 3. The activated Akt, a serine threonine kinase, inhibits theTSC1-TSC2 complex, allowing Rheb to activate mTORC1. Mst РІЗК PTEN T Lats АКТ 4. In parallel, amino acids activate the mTORC1 pathway through a mechanism requiring the Rag- Ragulator complex. (miR-29 YAP TSC2-TSC1 amino acids Rag-Ragulator Hippo pathway: 1. The binding of the ligand activates the receptors which activate Mst and Lats. Rheb cell division MTORC1 organ size 2. YAP activity is modulated by phosphorylation of Mst and Lats. YAP upregulates miR-29, which in…arrow_forward
- Practice Question 8 - Below are two cell signalling pathways that work together to regulate cell growth, proliferation and ultimately the size of organs in O.Extremus. In other closely related organisms, dysfunction of these pathways has been associated with tumor growth. mTOR pathway: 1. Growth factors bind and stimulate the receptors. crosstalk Hippo Pathway 2. Receptors can activate the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) – Akt signaling pathway. MTOR Pathway 3. The activated Akt, a serine threonine kinase, inhibits the TSC1-TSC2 complex, allowing Rheb to activate mTORC1. Mst PI3K PTEN Lats AKT 4. In parallel, amino acids activate the mTORC1 pathway through a mechanism requiring the Rag- Ragulator complex. (miR-29 YAP TSC2-TSC1 amino acids Rag-Ragulator Hippo pathway: 1. The binding of the ligand activates the receptors which activate Mst and Lats. Rheb cell division MTORC1 organ size 2. YAP activity is modulated by phosphorylation of Mst and Lats. YAP upregulates miR-29, which in…arrow_forwardPractice Question 8 - Below are two cell signalling pathways that work together to regulate cell growth, proliferation and ultimately the size of organs in O.Extremus. In other closely related organisms, dysfunction of these pathways has been associated with tumor growth. MTOR pathway: 1. Growth factors bind and stimulate the receptors. crosstalk Hippo Pathway 2. Receptors can activate the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) – Akt signaling pathway. MTOR Pathway 3. The activated Akt, a serine threonine kinase, inhibits theTSC1-TSC2 complex, allowing Rheb to activate mTORC1. Mst РІЗК PTEN Lats АКТ 4. In parallel, amino acids activate the mTORC1 pathway through a mechanism requiring the Rag- Ragulator complex. miR-29 YAP TSC2-TSC1 amino acids Hippo pathway: 1. The binding of the ligand activates the receptors which activate Mst and Lats. Rheb Rag-Ragulator cell division MTORC1 organ size 2. YAP activity is modulated by phosphorylation of Mst and Lats. YAP upregulates miR-29, which in…arrow_forwardPractice Question 8 - Below are two cell signalling pathways that work together to regulate cell growth, proliferation and ultimately the size of organs in O.Extremus. In other closely related organisms, dysfunction of these pathways has been associated with tumor growth. mTOR pathway: 1. Growth factors bind and stimulate the receptors. crosstalk Hippo Pathway 2. Receptors can activate the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) – Akt signaling pathway. MTOR Pathway - 3. The activated Akt, a serine threonine kinase, inhibits theTSC1–TSC2 complex, allowing Rheb to activate mTORC1. Mst РІЗК PTEN Lats АКТ 4. In parallel, amino acids activate the mTORC1 pathway through a mechanism requiring the Rag- ator con miR-29 YAP TSC2-TSC1 lex. amino acids Rag-Ragulator Hippo pathway: 1. The binding of the ligand activates the receptors which activate Mst and Lats. Rheb cell division MTORC1 organ size 2. YAP activity is modulated by phosphorylation of Mst and Lats. YAP upregulates miR-29, which in turn…arrow_forward
- please help 2 questions 1) how can you tell the difference between male and female fruit fly? 2) what mutation is sex linked?arrow_forwardPi Name PRE-LAB 13 this page for Additional Information EADE ▪ https://openstax.org/details/books/biology-2e Chapter 27: Introduction to Animal Diversity Chapter 28: Invertebrates Chapter 29: Vertebrates Part A: Biodiversity III: Diversity of Animals Answer the following questions. 1 What are the key features of animals? https://www.thoughtco.com/the-main-animal-characteristics-4086505 a. b. C. 2 What two animal phyla have true radial symmetry? 3 What are the two major groups of animals in Bilateria (with bilateral symmetry)? 4 What are the three tissue layers in animals with bilateral symmetry? 5 What are the two distinct clades of protostomes? 6 What are the two phyla of deuterostomes? losinebt 0a 159 Ho coearrow_forwardARTER 1 WEEK 5- WEEK 6 WRITTEN WORKS (30% OF YOUR GPAD ANSWER THE EOU E Learning Task 5: Read and understand the pattern of inheritance in multiple alleles. Answer the guide question in your notebook. Multiple Alleles Mendel studied just two alleles of his pea genes, but real populations of- ten have multiple alleles of a given gene, In this activity you will learn how to crossed the gene for coat color in rabbits (the C gene) which comes in four color alleles (C, Cch, Ch, c) as shown by the figure De below. Pe e ALBNO ACH CHINTHLLA HAILAYN Using the given genotypes, find the Fl and F2 generation of the crossed between black rabbit and chinchilla, the crossed of himalayan and albino. Use the Punnet squares below to guide you. A. Black (CC) x Chinchilla (CchCch) F1 Offspring with corresponding % Fa Offspring with corresponding % Guide Question 1. Based on the results of the genetic crosses you have shown, how do you think the red and white flower alleles can "interact with one another?…arrow_forward
- QUESTIONS: 1. What protein does each DNA codes for? 2. How does transcription differs from translation? 3. What is the role of DNA and RNA in the synthesis of protein? 4. In what way is protein synthesis related to inheritance? Variation or diversity? CONCLUSION:arrow_forwardNeed help Q1: Assuming these two genes sort independently, how many progeny would you expect to show the green striped phenotype? (Enter your answers as a whole number, e.g. 1) Q2: Which of the following are recombinant phenotypes? (Select all that apply) A. Green and Spotted B. Green and Striped C. Yellow and Spotted: D. Yellow and Stripedarrow_forwardSTUDY QUESTIONS The table below presents the criteria to be used in comparing mitosis and meiosis. Provide the missing information. 1. CRITERIA a. chromosome number of daughter cells b. number of cell divisions C. stages d. presence of synapsis e. f. presence of crossing over cell type that undergoes division g. number of daughter cells formed h. i. DNA content of cells at start of division DNA content of daughter cells j. genetic consequences MITOSIS MEIOSISarrow_forward
- Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Administrative a...NursingISBN:9781305964792Author:Wilburta Q. Lindh, Carol D. Tamparo, Barbara M. Dahl, Julie Morris, Cindy CorreaPublisher:Cengage LearningBiology (MindTap Course List)BiologyISBN:9781337392938Author:Eldra Solomon, Charles Martin, Diana W. Martin, Linda R. BergPublisher:Cengage LearningBiology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)BiologyISBN:9781305389892Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillanPublisher:Cengage Learning