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2. Tungsten is commonly produced from wolframite ores consisting of 6% FeW04, 4.7% MnW04, 1.01 % CaWO4 and inert impurities. The following steps are employed: FLOTATION: This separates the ore into a concentrate containing the entire tungsten compound with a purity of 90% on a. dry basis. 97% of the water in the flotation cell goes with the tailings and the rest with the concentrate. The concentrate carries 3% of its dry weight as water. DIGESTION: Treatment with aqueous (40% NaOH) boiling caustic forms the soluble sodium tungstate, NazW04, ferrous, manganous and calcium hydroxide and 3 wt% dissolved impurities. The reactions taking place in the digester are as follows: FeWO4 + NAOH → Fe(OH)2 + NazWO4 MNWO4 + NaOH Mn(OH)2 + NazWO4 CaWO4 + NaOH Ca(OH)2 + NazWO4 PURIFICATION: Contact with 20% excess NH40H yields 99.97% Ammonium paratungstate, 5(NH4)20.12W03.5H20. Reaction with the nitric gives tungstic acid, H2W04, which is converted to the oxide WO3 by roasting at 1000°C. Consider the following reactions: NazWO4 + NH3 + H20 → 5(NH4)20.12W03.5H20 + NAOH 5(NH4)20.12W03.5H20 + HNO3 + H20 H2WO4 + H2WO4 + NH4NO3 O2 → WO3 + H20 + 02 REDUCTION: Countercurrent reduction with H2 at 800°C yields impure tungsten powder. WO3 + H2 → W + H2O On a basis of 2000 kg of ore, make a complete material balance for the system. MNWO4 = 302.78 MW: FeWO4 = 303.69 CaWO4 = 278.84 NaOH = 40 Ca(OH)2 = 74 H2WO4 = 249.84 NazWO4 = 293.84 Fe(OH)2 = 84.85 5(NH4)20.12W03.5H20 = 3132.2 Mn(OH)2 = 88.94 HNO3 = 63 WO3 = 231.84 W = 183.84

2. Tungsten is commonly produced from wolframite ores consisting of 6% FeW04, 4.7% MnW04, 1.01 % CaWO4 and inert impurities. The following steps are employed: FLOTATION: This separates the ore into a concentrate containing the entire tungsten compound with a purity of 90% on a. dry basis. 97% of the water in the flotation cell goes with the tailings and the rest with the concentrate. The concentrate carries 3% of its dry weight as water. DIGESTION: Treatment with aqueous (40% NaOH) boiling caustic forms the soluble sodium tungstate, NazW04, ferrous, manganous and calcium hydroxide and 3 wt% dissolved impurities. The reactions taking place in the digester are as follows: FeWO4 + NAOH → Fe(OH)2 + NazWO4 MNWO4 + NaOH Mn(OH)2 + NazWO4 CaWO4 + NaOH Ca(OH)2 + NazWO4 PURIFICATION: Contact with 20% excess NH40H yields 99.97% Ammonium paratungstate, 5(NH4)20.12W03.5H20. Reaction with the nitric gives tungstic acid, H2W04, which is converted to the oxide WO3 by roasting at 1000°C. Consider the following reactions: NazWO4 + NH3 + H20 → 5(NH4)20.12W03.5H20 + NAOH 5(NH4)20.12W03.5H20 + HNO3 + H20 H2WO4 + H2WO4 + NH4NO3 O2 → WO3 + H20 + 02 REDUCTION: Countercurrent reduction with H2 at 800°C yields impure tungsten powder. WO3 + H2 → W + H2O On a basis of 2000 kg of ore, make a complete material balance for the system. MNWO4 = 302.78 MW: FeWO4 = 303.69 CaWO4 = 278.84 NaOH = 40 Ca(OH)2 = 74 H2WO4 = 249.84 NazWO4 = 293.84 Fe(OH)2 = 84.85 5(NH4)20.12W03.5H20 = 3132.2 Mn(OH)2 = 88.94 HNO3 = 63 WO3 = 231.84 W = 183.84

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2. Tungsten is commonly produced from wolframite ores consisting of 6% FeW04, 4.7% MnW04, 1.01 % CaW04 and inert impurities. The following steps are employed: FLOTATION: This separates the ore into a concentrate containing the entire tungsten compound with a purity of 90% on a. dry basis. 97% of the water in the flotation cell goes with the tailings and the rest with the concentrate. The concentrate carries 3% of its dry weight as water. DIGESTION: Treatment with aqueous (40% NaOH) boiling caustic forms the soluble sodium tungstate, NazW04, ferrous, manganous and calcium hydroxide and 3 wt% dissolved impurities. The reactions taking place in the digester are as follows: FeWO4 + NaOH → Fe(OH)2 + NA2WO4 MNWO4 + NaOH → Mn(OH)2 + NazWO4 CaWO4 + NaOH → Ca(OH)2 + NazWO4 PURIFICATION: Contact with 20% excess NH40H yields 99.97% Ammonium paratungstate, 5(NH4)20.12W03.5H20. Reaction with the nitric gives tungstic acid, H2W04, which is converted to the oxide WO3 by roasting at 1000°C. Consider the following reactions: NazWO4 + NH3 + H20 → 5(NH4)20.12W03.5H20 + NAOH 5(NH4)20.12W03.5H20 + HNO3 + H20 → H2WO4 + H2WO4 + O2 → WO3 NH4NO3 + H20 + 02 REDUCTION: Countercurrent reduction with H2 at 800°C yields impure tungsten powder. WO3 + Hz → W + H20 On a basis of 2000 kg of ore, make a complete material balance for the system. MW: FeWO4 = 303.69 MNWO4 = 302.78 CaWO4 = 278.84 NaOH = 40 %3D %3D %3D Fe(OH)2 = 84.85 5(NH4)20.12W03.5H20 = 3132.2 Mn(OH)2 = 88.94 Ca(OH)2 = 74 H2WO4 = 249.84 N22WO4 = 293.84 WO3 = 231.84 %3D %3D %3D HNO3 = 63 W = 183.84 %3D %3D %3D
Transcribed Image Text:2. Tungsten is commonly produced from wolframite ores consisting of 6% FeW04, 4.7% MnW04, 1.01 % CaW04 and inert impurities. The following steps are employed: FLOTATION: This separates the ore into a concentrate containing the entire tungsten compound with a purity of 90% on a. dry basis. 97% of the water in the flotation cell goes with the tailings and the rest with the concentrate. The concentrate carries 3% of its dry weight as water. DIGESTION: Treatment with aqueous (40% NaOH) boiling caustic forms the soluble sodium tungstate, NazW04, ferrous, manganous and calcium hydroxide and 3 wt% dissolved impurities. The reactions taking place in the digester are as follows: FeWO4 + NaOH → Fe(OH)2 + NA2WO4 MNWO4 + NaOH → Mn(OH)2 + NazWO4 CaWO4 + NaOH → Ca(OH)2 + NazWO4 PURIFICATION: Contact with 20% excess NH40H yields 99.97% Ammonium paratungstate, 5(NH4)20.12W03.5H20. Reaction with the nitric gives tungstic acid, H2W04, which is converted to the oxide WO3 by roasting at 1000°C. Consider the following reactions: NazWO4 + NH3 + H20 → 5(NH4)20.12W03.5H20 + NAOH 5(NH4)20.12W03.5H20 + HNO3 + H20 → H2WO4 + H2WO4 + O2 → WO3 NH4NO3 + H20 + 02 REDUCTION: Countercurrent reduction with H2 at 800°C yields impure tungsten powder. WO3 + Hz → W + H20 On a basis of 2000 kg of ore, make a complete material balance for the system. MW: FeWO4 = 303.69 MNWO4 = 302.78 CaWO4 = 278.84 NaOH = 40 %3D %3D %3D Fe(OH)2 = 84.85 5(NH4)20.12W03.5H20 = 3132.2 Mn(OH)2 = 88.94 Ca(OH)2 = 74 H2WO4 = 249.84 N22WO4 = 293.84 WO3 = 231.84 %3D %3D %3D HNO3 = 63 W = 183.84 %3D %3D %3D
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