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- List the regulatory mechanisms that might be lost in a cell producing faulty p53.Plasma PDGF levels can be a diagnostic marker for severity and progression of breast cancer. The assay data below shows the plasma levels of PDGF in normal individuals, Stage II and Stage IV (More severe). You are treating a patient with breast cancer and assay indicates that their plasma PDGF level 6 fmoles/ 100 uL.Based on this info, in which stages has this patient's cancer progressed? Explain what process this patient's tumor has likely undergone and which cell types you would expect to now be associated with this tumor.Which statements are true? Explain why or why not.1 The chemical carcinogen dimethylbenz[a]anthra-cene (DMBA) must be an extraordinarily specific mutagensince 90% of the skin tumors it causes have an A-to-T alter-ation at exactly the same site in the mutant Ras gene.2 In the cellular regulatory pathways that controlcell growth and proliferation, the products of oncogenesare stimulatory components and the products of tumorsuppressor genes are inhibitory components.3 Cancer therapies directed solely at killing the rap-idly dividing cells that make up the bulk of a tumor areunlikely to eliminate the cancer from many patients.4 The main environmental causes of cancer are theproducts of our highly industrialized way of life such aspollution and food additives.
- TNF-alpha treatment of prostate carcinoma, LNCAP cells decreases cell survival as shown in the graph below. Which of the following would you observe in these cells treated with TNF- alpha? Select all that apply TNF-a 120 100 80 - 60 40 20 0. 24 72 (hrs) Control + TNF-a 100 ng TNFA 10 ng O Activation of extrinsic pathway of apoptosis O Activation of intrinsic pathway of apoptosis Activation of executioner caspases Recruitment of adapter protein FADD to the TNF-alpha receptor LNCAP cell viability (% of control)5) Briefly explain why the formation of a tumour can pose a risk to a person's homeostasis. 6) The functioning of the "Ras/MAPK" signal transduction pathway is absolutely essential in order for cells to grow, divide, and migrate. One important protein that is part of this pathway is BRAF. This protein is a kind of enzyme called a "kinase" – an enzyme that transfers a phosphate group onto another protein. In some melanomas, a mutated form of BRAF called BRAF Val600AGlu drives the progression of the cancer. The drug "vemurafenib" slows the progression of the cancer by slowing the production of the mutant BRAF protein. (National Cancer Institute. 2019. Types of Cancer Treatment. Retrieved from: https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types/ Is this an example of a traditional cancer therapy or a targeted therapy? Briefly explain your reasoning in the space provided, using information provided in the text to support your answer. Type of therapy (traditional or targeted)?: Brief…Describe the effects of the mutation causing the p21 promoter to no longer bind p53 on cell signaling pathways and metabolism or cell cycle control.
- Explain the role of p53 protein in protecting normal cells against cancer. With respect to this protein and its function, explain how a normal cell turns cancerous.Changes in the activity of a variety of Cdks are essential for accurate progression through the cell cycle, and yet the levels of Cdk expression are fairly constant during the cell cycle. Briefly describe three mechanisms by which the activity of Cdks is regulated.The best strategy for treating a specific type of human tumor can depend on identifying the type of cell that became cancerous to give rise to the tumor. For some tumors that have colonized a distant location (metastasized), identifying the parental cell type can be difficult. Because the type of IF protein expressed is cell-type-specific, using monoclonal antibodies that react with only one type of IF protein can help in this identification. What IF proteins would you produce monoclonal antibodies against to identify (a) a sarcoma of muscle cell origin, (b) an epithelial cell carcinoma, and (c) an astrocytoma (glial cell tumor)?
- 31. “Wnt”is a regulatory factor that regulate myogenic stem cell proliferation? True False19: What are 3 phenotypes of GA, or BR, or ABA, or CK over-producing mutants. 20: Think about a hormone receptor, specifically the structure of the receptor. Describe ONE why a mutation would cause insensitivity to the hormone, AND ONE way it could cause hypersensitivity to the hormone. Explain your answer to each. 22: Not all cells in tissues are the same. They differentiate from stem cells. Describe how ONE cell type acquires cell identity. (Pick any cell in the plant)Given the following scenario, indicate if this will ‘promote’ or ‘prevent’ cancer development: An over-expression of Bcl-2