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4. Describe the Jak/STAT signal transduction pathway.
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- 5. Cite a metabolic pathway where active protein kinase is needed and explain its mechanism of action3. Describe the overall process of signal transduction. How does this process help organisms coordinate their cellular responses to a single stimulus?9. We have the following DNA sequence that codes for 7 amino acids of exon 1 of the dopamine receptor gene. 5’- GTG CAC CTG ACT CCT GAG AAG -3’ a. Obtain the sequence of the complementary strand to said DNA sequence: b. Obtain the sequence of the messenger RNA and indicate which direction it leads: c. Using the genetic code obtain the protein sequence: d). What effect would it have on the cells, in terms of their receptor for dopamine, if there was a stop codon in the third position in that mRNA sequence?
- 2. What proteins (2) produced in response to growth factor signaling? areExercise 1: Albinism is a hereditary deficiency characterized by the absence of pigmentation in the skin, eyes, and hair, due to the absence of a black pigment: the melanin. Tyrosinase is an enzyme implicated in the biosynthesis of this pigment. The gene coding for tyrosinase exists in different alleles. We consider only 2 alleles: allele A coding for the active tyrosinase responsible for the synthesis of melanin, and allele B coding for the inactive tyrosinase which doesn't allow the synthesis of Albinism melanin. The document below represents a partial sequence of a strand of the 2 alleles A and B. Number 80 81 82 83 84 85 of triplet Allele A TGC САА CGA ТСС ТАТ СТТ ... Allele B TGC САА САА TCC ТАТ СТТ ...3. The role of the cytoskeleton in Hedgehog signaling (actin rearrangements, microtubules)a. The Smoothened protein localizes to the primary cilium of the target cells. Suppose there is amutation that impairs a protein involved in basal body formation. How do you think would thisaffect signaling through Smoothened? Make sure to define basal body, explain its function, andrelate it to Smoothened signaling. b. Cos2 and Fu bind to microtubules, localizing Ci/Gli to the cytoplasm. How do you think a mutationin a microtubule associated protein (MAP) that functions to stabilize microtubules would affectboth the microtubules and Hedgehog signaling? Make sure to describe the role of the protein,regulation of microtubule dynamics, and how this might affect cells when Hedgehog is bothpresent and absent.
- 2. Researchers have discovered significant changes in the gene of some protein, which is a substrate for the insulin receptor. What impact on the insulin signal transduction would such changes have? For the answer: a) draw the scheme of insulin signal transduction in the target cell; b) name proteins and enzymes, activated by insulin in the target cells; c) explain the functions of these enzymes.6. Vampire bats are mammals that consume blood as their only source of nutrients. Because blood is rich in iron, it is necessary for the digestive system of the vampire bat to manage excess iron. Like humans, ferritin and transferrin receptor gene products are expressed by the vampire bat genome and function to maintain iron homeostasis. Ferritin A. The iron response element (IRE) binding protein is able to regulate expression of both ferritin and transferrin receptor genes. What feature of these genes allows for specific regulation by the IRE binding protein? B. How is activity of the IRE binding protein regulated? C. In an environment with excess iron, what levels of mRNA and protein do you expect to detect of Ferritin and Transferrin receptor? Briefly explain. Explanation Transferrin receptor RNA levels ( ) high ( ) low ( ) high ( ) low Protein levels () high levels ( ) low levels () high levels ( ) low levels10. Explain how scaffold proteins help the efficiency of the AMP kinase cascade. Why is it important that the interaction of the scaffold with the MAP kinases is NOT a very stable interaction?