Describe the major anatomical and biochemical barriers to infection?
Q: How may the “immunologically privileged” status of the immune system play a role in latent…
A: Some microbes can remain inactive in the host bodies. They hide from the host immune system. For…
Q: Explain the Action of the complement system against abacterium ?
A: Complement is a complex protein network of plasma and an integral part of the innate immune system.…
Q: What are the steps in a lysogenic infection?
A: The lysogenic cycle is the process through which a virus replicated its DNA by using a host cell.…
Q: "Discuss routes used by disease organism to enter the body?"
A: Disease organisms include bacteria, viruses, protozoa, fungi, and worms. They cause infectious…
Q: What is the expected result if a compromised person is exposed to a true pathogen?
A: The term 'immuno-compromised' refers to the condition of an individual whose immune defenses are…
Q: Describe the clinical stages of infection
A: Clinical infections are the diseases caused by the microbes such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, and…
Q: Describe how the skin and mucus membranes help to prevent infection
A: The skin forms the largest organ in the body of an organism. It has the area of approximately 20…
Q: Distinguish between a primary response and a secondary response to infection.
A: The immune system is responsible for keeping the body away from the infection.
Q: Describe the role of non-specific macrophages in preventing infection
A: The immune system of the body protects the organisms from the harmful pathogen. Pathogens are the…
Q: What is meant by an opportunistic pathogen?
A: A pathogen is a disease-causing organism. Microbes are found in abundance in the body. These…
Q: describe the external barriers to infection, including how they function and why they are…
A: Innate immune system responds to the infection by activating the first line of defense that includes…
Q: Explain how antibiotics work to rid the body of infection.
A: Antibiotics are the drugs used to the cells. It can be antiviral, antifungal, antibacterial and…
Q: Describe the four general mechanisms by which microorganisms cause disease.
A: Microorganisms are defined as the small organisms that can not visible with naked eye. microorganism…
Q: How does acute inflammation protect against infection?
A: Inflammation refers to the physiologic response to an injury or a disease. It is characterized by…
Q: Explain the steps in the alternative complement pathway at a single site.
A: Complement is a component of the innate immune system that plays a role in leukocyte opsonization,…
Q: Why are emboli dangerous?
A: Introduction Platelets are also referred to as thrombocytes; they are cytoplasmic fragments that…
Q: Describe some factors that weaken host defenses and increase susceptibility to infection.
A: Introduction We are surrounded by various pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungus etc. Every…
Q: Describe the properties of nonviral infectious particles.
A: The viruses are considered to be non-living when they are out of the host as they lack cellular…
Q: At what body sites do pathogens typically attach and colonize?
A: Microorganisms or microbes are microscopic organisms that exist as unicellular, multicellular, or…
Q: What are three mechanisms pathogens use to block the immune system?
A: Introduction The body's defence against infection is provided by the immune system, a vast network…
Q: Differentiate between exogenous and endogenous infections.
A: Infections are caused when a foreign pathogenic organism infects the host and becomes hostile…
Q: Describe a scenario in which microorganisms invadebody tissues. What factors allow for the migration…
A: Microorganisms are present everywhere in the environment. The body remains protected from these…
Q: Why do certain drugs become immunogenic to the host?
A: Introduction :- Immunogenicity, which is defined as a cell or tissue's capacity to elicit an immune…
Q: Identify the molecular mediators of inflammation and fever anddefine their individual roles
A: Introduction: Substances that possess the ability to initiate and control the inflammatory reactions…
Q: Explain the term pathogens.
A: Immune system may be defined as one of the important system of the body that helps an individual to…
Q: Explain the role of ' resident flora' in preventing infection and as source of infection
A: Resident flora are permanent residents of body sites especially the skin, oropharynx, colon, and…
Q: Give an example of preventing infection for each element of the infection chain ?
A: Infection It is the process of interaction that occurs between pathogens and susceptible host. There…
Q: Define the term “mode of transmission” and the types involved.
A: The "mode of transmission" is the route or course of transfer by which the infectious…
Q: Identify adaptations that have contributed to pathogen success.
A: Introduction :- Plant and animal diseases can be infectious or non-infectious. We'll concentrate on…
Q: Describe how antiviral agents act against infection.
A: A drug is any chemical substance that alters the physiology or psychology of an organism when eaten.…
Q: What conditions compromise host defenses against microorganisms?
A: The term "human microbiome" refers to the complex biological system of microbes that resides in and…
Q: Identify the classification of host Defenses.
A: Introduction We are surrounded by various pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungus etc. Every…
Q: The difference between direct and indirect contact infection? Example
A: Infection is defined as the process of causing harm or disease within the body by the invasion of…
Q: Identify patients most at risk for infection ?
A: A disease is a specific aberrant condition that affects the structure or function of all or part of…
Q: How does a latent infection differ from a chronic infection?
A: When a microorganism invades and multiplies inside the body of its host, then it is termed an…
Q: What are pathogens?
A: Communicable diseases or infectious diseases are the one which gets spread from one individual to…
Q: How are antivenomsproduced? Why areantivenoms an example ofpassive immunization?
A: Antivenoms are substances which are used to counteract venomous substances from other organisms to…
Q: Why is the development of recurrent or unusual infections the clinical hallmark of immunodeficiency?
A: Introduction :- The immune system's components, such as lymphocytes, phagocytes, and the complement…
Q: Describe several specific adhesins by which bacterial pathogens attach to host cells
A: Introduction: Adhesins are the cell surface appendages or components of bacteria that provide…
Q: Define infectious dose, and explain its role in establishing infection.
A: Infections are a result of infectious doses. Organisms that spread these infections are known as…
Q: Define the sequence of events for processing and presentingantigens from both intracellular…
A: An antigen is a foreign protein, which is recognized by our immune cells.
Q: What major events occur during an inflammatory reaction, and how do they contribute to pathogen…
A: The inflammatory response, or inflammation, is initiated by a cascade of chemical mediators and…
Describe the major anatomical and biochemical barriers to infection?
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- All of the following approaches are used to treat autoimmune diseases excepta) immunosuppressant drugs.b) induction of tolerance. c) antibiotics.d) anti-inflammatory medications.e) replacement therapy, as with insulin in diabetes.How does acute inflammation protect against infection? Be specific and provide details.Warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia, WAIHA, frequently have antibody specificity of: Question 6 options: A) anti-P B) anti-I C) anti-i D) anti-e
- An adaptive immune response underlying coeliac disease pathogenesis involves: a) Production of Th1 (T helper cell 1 type) cytokines that act to promote the production of antibodies to gluten peptides b) Production of anti-gliadin and anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies via TH2 cytokines c) Conversion of glutamate to glutamine by deamination d) The early recognition of gluten peptides via pattern recognition receptors on epithelial cells and the subsequent release of Interleukin 15What is the role of histamine in inflammation? A)Histamine increases the volume of blood flow in the area of the infection. B)All these choices are correct. C)Histamine signals to neutrophils to migrate to the site of infection. D)Histamine makes it easier for neutrophils to move from the bloodstream to the site of infection.Identify physical and chemical barriers to pathogens. Howmight these barriers be compromised?
- One of the following substances acts as an anticoagulant? a) thromboxane b) tissue factor c) factor VIIa d) tissue plasminogen activator e) serotonin18) Which of the following relates to inflammation? A) First line of defense B) Second line of defense C) Third line of defense D) vasoconstriction E) adaptive defenseWhich of the following are the two anticoagulants produced by the body? A) heparin and plasmin B) antithrombin IIlI and heparin C) antithrombin III and plasmin D) tissue plasminogen activator and plasmin E) protacyclin and heparin
- Antibodies, complement proteins, and phagocytic cells provide effective protection against all of the following types of infections except: a) Fungi b) Virus-infected cell c) Worms d) Bacteria e) VirusesA.) Why are some medicines marked with a red triangle? B.) How to store medicines and how to dispose of them?The correct order of words to describe how innate immune response responds to a pathogen that has gotten by the physical and chemical barriers is: À) Skin, Saliva, Cytokines, Macrophage B)Macrophage, Cytokines, Neutrophil, Natural Killer Cell C) Neutrophil, Cytokines, Killer T Cell, Antibodies D) Antigen, Macrophage, B Cell, Killer T Cell