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Give typing answer with explanation and conclusion
1) What is the purpose of the CD4 and CD8 protein receptors?
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- Give typing answer with explanation and conclusion Negative chemotaxis in migrating neural crest cells is caused by... a) fibronectins b) laminins c) neuregulins d) ephrins e) sematophorinsTo what cell-surface receptor does the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein bind? a. What type of genome does SARS-CoV-2 have? Please help explain in less than 5 sentences! Thank you1. Glycoproteins coat the outside of viruses; in particular they are important in helping HIV dock to our cells and also help the virus evade our immune system. Below is an image of the HIV transmembrane gp120 protein docking to human cd4 cells via the CXCR4 receptor. HIV-gp120 HIV CXCR4 Coreceptor CCR5 Coreceptor CD4 Receptor CD4 Cell a) i) Describe the general chemical interactions that might be involved in protein- protein interactions between the HIV gp120 protein and the human cd4 CXCR4 protein. Hypothesize what type of amino acid R groups you might find on the ii) exterior regions of each of these proteins, iii) and on the membrane bound portion of these proteins. b) The tertiary structure of gp120 is shown below. Please describe the protein (make sure to cover primary, secondary, and tertiary levels).
- Compare and contrast the five classes of CD4T helper cells. Include in your response references to activation and effector function.Why do you think antibodies against the N-terminal domain (NTD) provide protection against SARS-CoV2 when the NTD does not interact with the ACE2 receptor? Question 23 options: Binding causes steric hindrance of ACE2 to the receptor binding domain (RBD). Antibodies interact with antigens using a lock-and-key interaction Antibodies against the NTD recruit antibodies against the receptor binding domain (RBD). Antibodies against the NTD are not protective. Binding causes a conformational change in the RBD domain.Give 5 storage conditions of human normal immunoglobulin injection and why?
- Give typing answer with explanation and conclusion ADCC is an important mechanism for eliminating parasites and pathogen-infected cells. Go back and review the toxic materials present in eosinophils and NK cells (see Course Notes 2.1 and 2.2). List 5 of these toxins and state their effects on the target cells that have been tagged with antibodies. What kinds of antibodies are involved in triggering ADCC in each case (by eosinophils and by NK cells)?Synaptic vesicles release into the synapse to give the message to the post synaptic neuron?Multicellular organisms:a) are larger in size than unicellular organisms b) can do a wider variety of functionsFor a stroke patient with hypertension who is a candidate for recombinant tissue plasminogen activator rt pa which blood pressure control strategy is appropriate?For question with blanks, choose the combination of answers that most accurately completes the statement.CD4 cells are ...................cells and CD8 cells are..................... cells. a. killer, suppressor c. cytotoxic, helper b. helper, cytotoxic d. B, T
- A mutant B cell line is examined by confocal microscopy after incubation with a microbial pathogen recognized by the BCR on these B cells. The B cells have been stained with antibodies to visualize the localization of polymerized actin and microtubules. As a control, wild-type B cells are examined. The results are shown in the figure below, with the numbers indicating the proportion of cells examined that show each pattern of staining. To identify the specific signaling defect in these mutant B cells, a reasonable biochemical assay would be to: Determine if BCR stimulation of mutant B cells produces enhanced binding of the B cell to the microbe Determine whether the mutant B cells have reduced levels of the enzyme Protein kinase C-q Determine whether the mutant B cells are overexpressing the enzyme Vav Determine whether BCR stimulation of mutant B cells promotes exchange of GDP for GTP on cdc42 Determine whether BCR stimulation of mutant B cells produces increased levels of DAGCancer stem cells (CSCs) are cancer cells (found within tumors or hematological cancers) that possess characteristics associated with normal stem cells, specifically the ability to give rise to all cell types found in a particular cancer sample. There are many biomedical engineering based approaches to detect CSCs. 1) What is the importance and advanatge of detecting CSCs? 2) What kind of systems have been developed to detect CSCs? Describe by giving examples.Some viruses have mechanisms to down-regulate MHC class I protein expression on the surface of cells in which the virus is replicating. This immune evasion strategy might prevent effector CD8 cytotoxic T cells from recognizing and killing the virus-infected cells. Would this immune evasion strategy also prevent the initial activation of virus-specific CD8 T cells? Yes, because no viral peptide:MHC class I complexes would form to activate CD8 T cells. No, because dendritic cells would take up infected cells and cross-present viral peptides to activate CD8 T cells. No, because some presentation of MHC class I complexes with viral peptides would occur before the virus could down-regulate all the surface MHC class I protein. Yes, because this immune evasion strategy would also function in dendritic cells, even if the virus doesn’t replicate in dendritic cells. No, because the type I interferon response induced by the virus infection will up-regulate MHC class I expression and override the…