In contrast with the genomic manipulations of animals and plants described in this chapter, human genetherapy is directed specifically at altering the genomes of somatic cells rather than germ-line cells.Why couldn’t or wouldn’t medical scientists try to alter the genome of human germ-line cells?
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In contrast with the genomic manipulations of animals and plants described in this chapter, human gene
therapy is directed specifically at altering the genomes of somatic cells rather than germ-line cells.
Why couldn’t or wouldn’t medical scientists try to alter the genome of human germ-line cells?
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- Mutations in the CFTR gene result in cystic fibrosis in humans, a conditions in which abnormal secretions are present in the lungs, pancreas, and sweat glands. The gene was mapped to a 500-kb region on chromosome 7 containing 3 candidate genes. a)Using your knowledge of the disease symptoms, how would you distinguish between the candidate genes to decide which is most likely to encode the CFTR gene? b)How would you prove that your chosen candidate is the CFTR gene?Most organisms display a circadian rhythm, a cycling of biological processes that is roughly synchronized with day length. In Drosophila, pupae eclose (emerge as adults after metamorphosis) at dawn. a)Using this knowledge how would screen for Drosophila mutants that have an impaired circadian rhythm? b)In each case, how would you clone the genes you identified by mutation?Do all of them True/False 31) The process by which an electrical charge is used to introduce DNA into a cell to produce a transgenic organism is called electroporation.Answer: 32) Reproductive cloning is used to produce large amounts of mammalian proteins from transgenic agricultural animals such as cattle.Answer: 33) In gene addition, homologous recombination is used to remove the original gene and replace it with the cloned gene.Answer: 34) All stem cells have the potential to differentiateAnswer: 35) A bone marrow transplant involves the transfer of multipotent stem cellsAnswer: 36) The fact that in mammalian systems multiple genes may compensate for the loss of a gene is called gene redundancy.Answer:
- When the S.cerevisiae genome was sequenced and surveyed for possible genes, only about 40% of those genes had been previously identified in forward genetic screens. This left about 60% of predcited genes with no known function, leading some to dub the genes fun (function unknown) genes. a)As an approach to understanding the function of a certain fun gene, you wish to create a loss of function allele. How would you do this? b)You wish to know the physical location of the encoded protein product. How would you obtain such information?Gene mutations can be classified in two major ways:(1) hereditary or germline mutations that are inherited from a parent and are present throughout a person’s life in virtually every cell in the body.(2) acquired or somatic mutations that occur at some time during a person’s life and are present only in certain cells, not in every cell in the body.If there is no family history of a particular disease but a child has the disease then it may have arisen due to a(n) ________ mutation early during development. A) acquired B) inherited C) silent D) transitionA couple with a child affected with DBA undergoes in vitro fertilization (IVF) and genetic testing of the resulting embryos to ensure that the embryos will not have DBA. However, they also want the embryos screened to ensure that the one implanted can serve as a suitable donor for their existing child. Their plan is to have stem cells from the umbilical cord of the new baby transplanted to their existing child with DBA, thereby curing the condition. What are the ethical pros and cons of this situation?
- Scientists carried out a microarray analysis to compare the gene expression of normal pancreatic cells to that of cancer cells from a person with pancreatic cancer. The scientists labeled the cDNA from the normal pancreatic cells with green fluorescent nucleotides. They labeled the cDNA from the cancer cells with red fluorescent nucleotides. The two cDNAs were mixed and allowed to hybridize to a microarray. Less p53 activity is found in cancer pancreatic cells than normal cells. What color would the spot for the p53 gene be on the microarray? Red Green Yellow BlackIt has been suggested that it would make the study of human diseases easier if cloned transgenic animals were produced that carried faulty versions of human genes (e.g., the gene that causes cystic fibrosis). a. Why would such animals be useful in medical research? : b. What ethical questions are raised by the creation of such transgenic animals?You’ve made your construct and placed it into E. coli! Congratulations, you have made a transgenic organism. Your investors will want to know about quality control. How will you check that the correct piece of DNA is in your vector? How will you check to make sure the gene is transcribed? How will you check to make sure that the GasP protein is made in E. coli? Your investors are concerned that the GasP protein might not be sufficiently produced under normal laboratory conditions. They suggest controlling the transcription of the gasP gene using a chemical that will “trigger” its transcription. What type of promoter could be used? What chemical will you use to control transcription? How does this method of control work?
- Researchers have identified a gene in humans that (when mutated) causes tremors and unstable walking due to neurological problems. This disorder is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner, and the mutant allele isknown to result from a loss-of-function mutation. The same gene hasbeen found in mice, although a mutant mouse version has not beendiscovered. To develop an effective drug therapy to treat this disorderin humans, it would be experimentally useful to have a mouse model.In other words, it would be desirable to develop a strain of mice thatcarry the mutant allele in the homozygous condition. How would youdevelop such a strain?There are a range of ethical issues associated with cloning. However, many of these are not applied to cloning plants. Explain why the idea of cloning an entire plant is generally accepted while cloning an entire human is not.Although several different mammalian species have been cloned, the efficiency of this process is extremely low. Often tens or even hundreds of oocytes must be implanted with donor nuclei to obtain one healthy live birth. Many researchers believe the difficulties with cloning reside in the epigenetic modifications, such as DNA and histone methylation, that occur within various cells during an individual’s life. How do you suspect such modifications might affect the success of an experiment