Mammography is an accurate screening technique for the earlydetection of breast cancer in humans. Because this techniqueuses X rays diagnostically, it has been highly controversial. Canyou explain why? What reasons justify the use of X rays for sucha medical screening technique?
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Mammography is an accurate screening technique for the early
detection of breast cancer in humans. Because this technique
uses X rays diagnostically, it has been highly controversial. Can
you explain why? What reasons justify the use of X rays for such
a medical screening technique?
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- In a Cervical Cancer screening program, 500 asymptomatic women were examined using the Pap smear test. 200 of the women who truly had lesions were correctly classified; 14 with lesions were wrongly classified as negative. 253 women who had no lesions were correctly classified; 33 women with no lesions were wrongly reported as positive. (A) Summarise the information provided in an appropirate table. (B) Based on the information above, calculate the Sensitivity, Specificity, Positive and Negative Predictive Values of the Pap smear test.Breast Cancer Screening Program – A group of women were subjected to a breast cancer screening program. A newly developed screening test was utilized to measure its sensitivity and specificity against a gold standard test. a) What is the prevalence of breast cancer in this population? b) Calculate the Sensitivity of the test and provide interpretation c) Calculate the Specificity of the test and provide interpretationThere are three general categories of effects resulting from exposure to low doses of radiation. Theseare: 1. Genetic - The effect is suffered by the offspring of the individual exposed. 2. Somatic - The effect is primarily suffered by the individual exposed. Since cancer is theprimary result, it is sometimes called the Carcinogenic Effect. 3. In-utero - Some mistakenly consider this to be a genetic consequence of radiation exposure,because the effect, suffered by a developing embryo/fetus, is seen after birth.However, this is actually a special case of the somatic effect, since the embryo/fetusis the one exposed to the radiation. State the medical case occured from Chernobyl, Three Mile Island, Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accidents and explain briefly the three above categories in each accidents including the diagnosis and treament (if applicable).
- Surgery remains a mainstay in the treatment of many forms of cancer, but it is no longer used in diagnosis due to the risks associated with surgery and improved nonsurgical diagnostic methods. True FalseIf improved diagnostic tests are developed from this project, is the effort worth it if the cancers diagnosed have no treatment available?Figure 17.15 In 2011, the United States Preventative Services Task Force recommended against using the PSA test to screen healthy men for prostate cancer. Their recommendation is based on evidence that screening does not reduce the risk of death from prostate cancer. Prostate cancer often develops very slowly and does not cause problems, while the cancer treatment can have severe side effects. The PCA3 test is considered to be more accurate, but screening may still result in men who would not have been harmed by the cancer itself suffering side effects from treatment. What do you think? Should all healthy men be screened for prostate cancer using the PCA3 or PSA test? Should people in general be screened to find out if they have a genetic risk for cancer or other diseases?
- Studies have shown that there are significant differences in cancer rates among different ethnic groups. For example, the Japanese have very high rates of colon cancer but very low rates of breast cancer. It has also been demonstrated that when members of low-risk ethnic groups move to high-risk areas, their cancer risks rise to those of the high-risk area. For example, Japanese who live in the United States, where the risk of breast cancer is high, have higher rates of breast cancer than do Japanese who live in Japan. What are some of the possible explanations for this phenomenon? What factors may explain why the Japanese have higher rates of colon cancer than do other ethnic groups?You have decided to combine your love of biology and your love of dogs to train dogs to detect cancer. You can reliably train dogs to detect cancer with a high degree of accuracy. The dogs are able to detect the cancer simply by sniffing clothing that had been worn by the patient and so there is no contact between the dog and the patient. Since there are no risks from the test, and you know that cancer caught early is often treatable you are keen to develop your idea further. What possible negative consequences would need to be considered before concluding that this type of screening test should be more widely used? You may select more than one answer. a. Risks associated with further tests such as biopsies to type and stage the cancer. b. Risks associated with surgical interventions to remove the cancer. C. Risks associated with chemotherapy used post surgery.Skin cancer carries a lifetime risk nearly equal to that of allother cancers combined. Following is a graph [modified fromK. H. Kraemer (1997). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 94:11–14]depicting the age of onset of skin cancers in patients with orwithout XP, where the cumulative percentage of skin cancer is plotted against age. The non-XP curve is based on 29,757 cancerssurveyed by the National Cancer Institute, and the curverepresenting those with XP is based on 63 skin cancers from theXeroderma Pigmentosum Registry.
- How can genetic testing help in cancer diagnosis? Answer specificallybe performed and used to determine the accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of the device. Using your own hypothetical values, calculate the accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of the device. Is the device suitable for screening for breast cancer, based on your calculated values of its accuracy, sensitivity and specificity? Explain.How can genetic testing help in cancer diagnosis? Briefly explain.
