One major premise of the Rothschild-Stiglitz (RS) model is that there is a perfectly competitive market for health insurance. Suppose instead that the market is not perfectly competitive, and in fact competitor firms have a hard time entering the market. Could a pooling equilibrium occur in this case? What is it about competition that prevents pooling in the RS model? No formal proof is necessary, but do make your reasoning clear. Evaluate the following statement: competition in health insurance markets is harmful.
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- One major premise of the Rothschild–Stiglitz model is that there is a perfectly competitive market for health insurance. Suppose instead that the market is not perfectly competitive, and in fact competitor firms have a hard time entering the market. Could a pooling equilibrium occur in this case? What is it about competition that prevents pooling in the Rothschild–Stiglitz model? No formal proof is necessary, but do make your reasoning clear. Evaluate the following statement: competition in health insurance markets is harmful.Consider a market for health insurance similar to the one below. Image attached Suppose individuals have different health levels H, where H is distributed uniformly between 0 and 9. The marginal cost of medical care depends on an individual’s health H, and is characterized by the function MC=1000+1000*H (notice that a higher value of H corresponds to a sicker person, with higher marginal costs, so the left edge of the graph corresponds to the sickest person with H=9, and the right edge of the graph corresponds to the healthiest person with H=0). Individuals are risk averse, there is a single insurance plan available for purchase (as in the Akerlof model, NOT the R-S model), and individuals have utility functions for this insurance plan that result in a risk premium equal to RP=1000*H. Now suppose an individual insurance mandate is imposed that forces all consumers to purchase insurance or else pay a tax of $3000. a) What will the insurance mandate do to the equilibrium price of…Which statement about health insurance in the US is false? Question options: 1) Going back to 1940, only about 10 percent of the US population had any health insurance 2) The share of the under-65 population with private health insurance rose until the 1970s and then plateaued—it remained virtually constant until the implementation of the Affordable Care Act 3) Early on, the health insurance market was dominated by Blue Cross plans, which practiced community rating in setting premiums 4) Measured in percentage points, the drop in the uninsured rate in the nonelderly population between 2013 and 2016 was larger than the increase in the share with private insurance
- Suppose Jay has been experiencing back pain, and has four options for treatment. (Table 14.6) Plot these four treatments on cost–pain reduction axes. Create a cost-effectiveness frontier by connecting potentially cost-effective treatments. Assume that indifffference curves in this space are linear. Interpret this assumption.Consider the case of a competitive health insurance market, similar to what we studied in the graphical framework in Week 4A. Assume that, as in the Affordable Care Act, the government allows many insurers to compete (perfect competition) to offer the one kind of insurance contract allowed (this is just the same as the framework we’ve discussed all along, starting in Week 4A). Consumer demand for insurance is described by: P = 15 - .7 Q Qmax = 20 Assume that marginal and average costs are characterized by: MC= 10 – 4Q AC= 10 - .2Q A. Compute the competitive market price and quantity outcome under the usual assumptions. B. Compute the welfare loss from adverse selection in this competitive market. Also, compute the number of people who should have insurance from a social perspective. Remember that some people here may not have positive social value of insurance, so shouldn't be counted in the deadweight loss from adverse selection. This could be because, e.g. there are administrative…Consider that you want to apply the difference-in-differences approach to evaluate the Health Insurance Subsidy Program (HISP). In this scenario, you have two rounds of data on two groups of households: one group that enrolled in the program, and another that did not. You know that you cannot compare the average health expenditures of the two groups because of selection bias, thus you decide to compare change in health expenditures as follows: Table 7.2 Evaluating HISP: Difference-in-Differences Comparison of Means After Before (baseline) (follow-up) Difference Enrolled 7.84 14.49 -6.65 Nonenrolled 22.30 20.79 1.51 Difference DD = -6.65 – 1.51 = -8.16 Note: The table presents mean household health expenditures (in dollars) for enrolled and nonenrolled households, before and after the introduction of HISP. How should you interpret this difference ($USD -8.16)? What are the basic assumptions required to accept this result from difference-in-differences?
- In the early 2000s, the state of Massachusetts in the U.S. implemented a health reform aimed at enrolling people without health insurance into an insurance plan. The reform required people without health insurance (at least those who could afford it) to buy insurance, and put in place penalties on those who nevertheless chose not to buy insurance. Below is the abstract of a recent National Bureau of Economic Research working paper entitled “Health Reform, Health Insurance, and Selection: Estimating Selection into Health Insurance Using the Massachusetts Health Reform” by Martin Hackmann, Jonathan Kolstad, and Amanda Kowalski. The authors conducted a study of the effects of the Massachusetts reform. They write: We implement an empirical test for selection into health insurance using changes in coverage induced by the introduction of mandated health insurance in Massachusetts. Our test examines changes in the cost of the newly insured relative to those who were insured prior to the…Imperfect competition and moral hazard. Some economists have argued that moral hazard and monopolistic health care markets are two socially inefficient problems that partially cancel each other out. Relative to the optimal level of health care Q∗, how much health care is provided in the presence of moral hazard? Assume perfectly competitive health care markets. Relative to the optimal level of health care Q∗, how much health care is provided in the presence of monopolistic health care markets? Assume no moral hazard. Write a one-sentence defense of the argument that moral hazard and imperfectly competitive health care markets could combine to provide a good level of health care provision Q.Suppose that there are two countries, Beta and Gamma. Suppose further that everyone in country Beta is on Insurance B and everyone in country Gamma is on Insurance G. Suppose further that both governments use government-set price controls. In 2005, country Beta decided to change the reimbursement rate for pharmaceuticals, but country Gamma did not make this change. You, a researcher, want to study the effect of offering coverage for this drug had an impact on health expenditures. You have average health expenditures for State Beta and Gamma prior to 2005 and post-2005. Using the information in the table below, a quick difference-in-difference calculation suggests covering this drug ____ health expenditures by approximately ____. State Time Periods Pre-2005 Post-2005 State Beta $1000 $1400 State Gamma $1500 $1700 a. decreased; $400 b. increased; $200 c. increased; $400 d. decreased; $200
- Suppose that there are two countries, Beta and Gamma. Suppose further that everyone in country Beta is on Insurance B and everyone in country Gamma is on Insurance G. Suppose further that both governments use government-set price controls. In 2005, country Beta decided to change the reimbursement rate for pharmaceuticals, but country Gamma did not make this change. You, a researcher, want to study the effect of offering coverage for this drug had an impact on health expenditures. You have average health expenditures for State Beta and Gamma prior to 2005 and post-2005. Using your finding from the question above, you can infer that country Beta likely _____ reimbursement rates for pharmaceutical drugs. State Time Periods Pre-2005 Post-2005 State Beta $1000 $1400 State Gamma $1500 $1700 a. lower b. did not change c. raisedExplain how each of these situations will affect the quantity demanded of health insurance: d) New technologies that enable medical illness to be predicted more accurately. e) A tendency among buyers to become less risk, on average.One of the most robust, fundamental “facts” of health economics is the SES and health gradient. a) Define the SES and health gradient. b) Give three ways in which the SES and health gradient is robust. c) Provide evidence that some of the gradient is correlational (i.e., give a potential confounder) and evidence that the gradient is in fact causal. d) i. Give an interpretation of Figure 1 below in layperson terms. ii. What pattern do you see for men vs women? iii. “The education and mortality gradient does not depend on healthcare spending or whether the country has universal healthcare.” Use Figure 1 to support or refute this claim.