The disk concept for reducing time lost from rotational delay is: staggered addressing why?
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- If a microprocessor has a cycle time of 0.5 nanoseconds, what’s the processor clock rate? If the fetch cycle is 40% of the processor cycle time, what memory access speed is required to implement load operations with zero wait states and load operations with two wait states?The notion of staggered addressing is used on disks in order to reduce the amount of time that is wasted due to rotational delay.Suppose that a magnetic disk has an average seek time of 4 ms, a rotation rate of 5400 RPM, a transfer rate of 50 MB/second, a sector size of 512 bytes, and controller overhead of 2 ms. What is the average amount of time to read a single sector?
- In the I/O system, the responsibility of the layer of device drivers is to (Chapter 5 wake driver when I/O completed set up device registers and check status O perform I/O operation make 1/O call and format I/OThe disk specification in Figure 7.15 gives a data transfer rate of 60MB per second when reading from the disk, and 320MB per second when writing to the disk. Why are these numbers different? (Hint: Think about buffering.)In Feynman's lecture he wondered "why cannot we write the entire 24 volumes of the Encyclopedia Brittanica on the head of a pin". For a modern hard disk drive the area of a single bit of information on the surface of the disk is roughly 10 x 40 nm² in area. In such a hard drive would the area required to store the data for 24 volumes of the Encyclopedia Brittanica be greater or less than the head of a pin? In Feynman's lecture he estimates the 24 million books as big as the Encyclopedia Brittanica has 10¹5 bits of information.
- A CPU with interrupt-driven I/O is busy servicing a disk request. While the CPU is midway through the disk-service routine, another I/O interrupt occurs.Q.) what can be done about it?What advantages do segmented memory address translation provide over a straight translation?Please let me know if these are true or false! In multiprocessors with a shared physical main memory, an access to a word of main memory always takes about the same amount of time no matter which word is being accessed and by which processor: T/F? When reading data from a magnetic disk, the rotational latency increases linearly with the size of the request: T/F? SSD is faster to access than magnetic disk, but slower than DRAM main memory: T/F? The primary purpose of RAID is for data backups: T/F? Typically, data parallelism offers greater opportunities for achieving highly-parallel execution than does functional parallelism: T/F? In MIPS systems, one way to implement locks is with the MIPS test-and-set machine language instruction: T/F?
- Consider a disk with following specifications: 20 surface, 1000 tracks/surface, 16 sectors/track, data density 1 KB/sector, rotation speed 3000 rpm. The operating system initiates the transfer between the disk and the memory sector-wise. Once the head has been placed on the right track, the disk reads a sector in a single scan. It reads bits from the sector while the head is passing over the sector. The read bits are formed into bytes in a serial-in-parallel-out buffer and each byte is then transferred to memory. The disk writing is exactly a complementary process. For parts (c) and (d) below, assume memory read-write time = 0.1 microsecond/ byte, interrupt driven transfer has an interrupt overhead = 0.4 microseconds, the DMA initialization and termination overhead is negligible compared to the total sector transfer time. DMA requests are always granted. (a) What is the total capacity of the disk? (b) What is the data transfer rate? (c) What is the percentage of time the CPU is…What is the average time to read or write a 512-byte sector for a typical disk rotating at 45,000 RPM? The advertised average seek time is 2 ms, the transfer rate is 400 MB/sec, and the controller overhead is 0.2 ms. Assume that the disk is idle so that there is no waiting time.Describe the advantages of memory address translation with segmentation technique.