Campbell Essential Biology (7th Edition)
7th Edition
ISBN: 9780134765037
Author: Eric J. Simon, Jean L. Dickey, Jane B. Reece
Publisher: PEARSON
expand_more
expand_more
format_list_bulleted
Concept explainers
Videos
Textbook Question
Chapter 20, Problem 16PS
Interpreting Data In a classic study, John Teal measured energy flow in a salt marsh ecosystem. The table below shows some of his results.
| Form of energy | Kcal/m2/yr | Efficiency of energy transfer (%) |
| Sunlight | 600,000 | n/a |
| Chemical energy in producers | 6,585 | |
| Chemical energy in primary consumers | 81 |
Data from: J.M. Teal, Energy Flow in the Salt Marsh Ecosystem of Georgia. Ecology 43: 614–24 (1962).
- a. Calculate the efficiency of energy transfer by the producers. That is, what percentage of the energy in sunlight was converted into chemical energy and incorporated into plant biomass?
- b. Calculate the efficiency of energy transfer by the primary consumers. What percentage of the energy in plant biomass was incorporated into the bodies of the primary consumers? What became of the rest of the energy (see Figure 20.27)?
- c. How much energy is available for secondary consumers? Based on the efficiency of energy transfer by primary consumers, estimate how much energy will be available to tertiary consumers.
- d. Draw an energy pyramid for the producers, primary consumers, and secondary consumers for this ecosystem (see Figure 20.28).
Expert Solution & Answer
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solution
Students have asked these similar questions
This conceptual model to the right shows the flow of
energy through a spring ecosystem in Silver Springs,
Florida from Figure 46.8 in your textbook.
7a. Which value/number on this diagram represents gross
primary productivity (GPP)? Express using the units
kcal/m?/yr.
Sunlight
1,700,000
kcalim?lyr
Primary producers
13,187
20,810
7,618
4,250
Primary consumers
7b. Which value/number represents net primary
productivity (NPP)? Express using the units kcal/m?/yr.
2,265
3,368
1,103
720
Secondary consumers
272
383
111
90
7c. What accounts for the difference in GPP and NPP?
Tertiary consumers
16
21
5
Decomposers
7d. What is the efficiency of energy transfer between the
primary producers and the primary consumers? Is this
more or less efficient than the transfer between a
5,060
5,060
Total heat and respiration
20,810
secondary consumer and tertiary consumer? Explain.
respiration + heat
to decomposers
This conceptual model to the right shows the flow of
energy through a spring ecosystem in Silver Springs,
Florida from Figure 46.8 in your textbook.
7a. Which value/number on this diagram represents gross
primary productivity (GPP)? Express using the units
kcal/m?/yr.
Sunlight
1,700,000
kcal/m?lyr
Primary producers
13,187
20,810
7,618
4,250
Primary consumers
7b. Which value/number represents net primary
productivity (NPP)? Express using the units kcal/m²/yr.
2,265
3,368
1,103
720
Secondary consumers
272
383
111
90
7c. What accounts for the difference in GPP and NPP?
Tertiary consumers
16
21
Decomposers
7d. What is the efficiency of energy transfer between the
primary producers and the primary consumers? Is this
more or less efficient than the transfer between a
secondary consumer and tertiary consumer? Explain.
5,060
5,060
Total heat and respiration
20,810
respiration + heat
to decomposers
AP Environmental Science
Primary Productivity Problems
Net Primary Productivity efficiency can be calculated for terrestrial producers when values for insolation energy, respiration loss and gross productivity are known. Use the equations below to answer the following problems:
Net Primary Productivity = Gross Productivity – Respiration Loss
Efficiency = . NPP . X 100
Insolation Energy
In a rice paddy in Southeast Asia, the insolation energy is 6,000,000 calories/m2/day. The gross productivity of the rice is 0.012 grams/cm2/day, and the respiration loss is 20 percent. One gram of rice is equivalent to 1000 calories.
Calculate the net primary productivity of the rice.
Find the efficiency of photosynthesis by the rice.
Could you mostly help me set it up and find it? So I can learn how to do it.
Chapter 20 Solutions
Campbell Essential Biology (7th Edition)
Ch. 20 - Prob. 1SQCh. 20 - According to the concept of competitive exclusion,...Ch. 20 - Prob. 3SQCh. 20 - Prob. 4SQCh. 20 - Why are the top predators in food chains most...Ch. 20 - Over a period of many years, grass grows on a sand...Ch. 20 - According to the energy pyramid, why is eating...Ch. 20 - Local conditions, such as heavy rainfall or the...Ch. 20 - Prob. 9SQCh. 20 - Prob. 10SQ
Knowledge Booster
Learn more about
Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biology and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- A group of researchers are assessing energy availability in a terrestrial ecosystem. The image shows the food web for this ecosystem. They set up three plots and assess the biomass of producers, primary consumers, and secondary consumers. Rabbits and grasshoppers feed on ground cover plants that grow on the forest floor. Plot 1 is composed of mature hardwood trees, and only 25% of the sunlight reaches the shrubs and grasses compared to plots 2 and 3, which have fewer trees and allow more sunlight to reach the forest floor. Based on the food web shown here, which of the following best describes how the reduction in sunlight to the forest floor would impact the number of primary consumers (squirrel, grasshopper, rabbit, and deer) in plot 1 compared to the other plots? A - Plot 1 will show an increase in deer only because they feed on trees. B - Plot 1 will show a decrease in squirrels and rabbits, while deer and grasshoppers will increase. C - Plot 1 will show a decrease in rabbits and…arrow_forwardsupport or refute the following statements based on what you learned about energy flow, biogeochemical cycling, decomposition, trophic levels, and keystone species. You may add a diagram or illustration to support your answer. Planting mangroves is better than putting dolomite sand on the coast of the polluted Manila Bay.arrow_forwardAlgae in an aquatic food chain convert solar energy into 93, 000 kilocalories of plant tissue. Which of the following values best represents the amount of energy available for secondary consumers in the food chain? (A 930 kilocalories B) 9, 300 kilocalories 93, 000 kilocalories D) 930, 000 kilocalories MacBook Pro esc @ # $ % & 1 3 4 7 8. Q W E R Y tab A S D F G H caps lock Z C V つ つ リarrow_forward
- What is the range of values for percentage of emissions from transport of food to retailers (delivery)? Weber and Mathews found that 83% of food’s total emissions came from its production process on the farm or feedlot. What do these numbers tell you about how you might best reduce your own footprint with regard to food?arrow_forwardIn an ocean ecosystem, the biomass of an algal community is approximately 3000 kilograms. It can support a food chain up to 4 levels. Considering an efficiency at an average of 10% in passing on energy from one trophic level to the next level, how much biomass of the fourth trophic level can be maintained.arrow_forwardApproximately how many kilograms (kg) of carnivore (secondary consumer) biomass can be supported by an area of a field containing 100 kg of plant material (assuming 10% efficiency in energy transfer)? O 10 O 100 O 1 O 1,000arrow_forward
- This figure has three graphs that have important implications for understanding how carbon flow and elements cycle through ecosystems through decomposition. The figures show data on the decomposition rates in a tropical forest. Please select all of the statements that are reasonable of at least one of the figures. interpretations Daily rate of mass loss (k) from 0 to 50 days (b) 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0 Leaf mass remaining (percent) (a) 100% 80 4 60 40 20 0 0 50 100 150 Days of decomposition 12 16 8 Leaf solubility (mg C/g dry leaf) (c) Daily rate of mass loss (k) from 51 to 230 days 0.009 0.006 0.003 0.000 200 Trumpet tree Inga tree Kapok tree Brazilian firetree 250 2 3 Ratio of leaf lignin:leaf nitrogen 4 Relyea, Ecology, 9e, Ⓒ2021 W. H. Freeman and Company O Leaves that release more soluble carbon pounds decompose much faster than those that release less Leaves that are rich in nitrogen relative to lignin decompose much faster increasing the rate of the nitrogen…arrow_forwardAlgae in an aquatic food chain convert solar energy into 93, 000 kilocalories of plant tissue. Which of the following values best represents the amount of energy available for primary consumers in the food chain? 930 kilocalories B) 9, 300 kilocalories 93, 000 kilocalories D 930, 000 kilocalories MacBook Pro esc ! @ $ & 1 2 3 4 6. 7 8. Q W E R Y ab A S D F lock J Z C V M * 00 Barrow_forwardsupport or refute the following statements based on what you learned about energy flow, biogeochemical cycling, decomposition, trophic levels, and keystone species. You may add a diagram or illustration to support your answer. Shark fin soup can cause the collapse of coral reef ecosystemarrow_forward
- Energy flow or calorific flow in an ecosystem is described as an open system. Critically explain what this means with real life example.arrow_forwarde.com vity: Comparing Energy Resources Is Help Part D- This requires you to analyze a graph, answer a question and then propose an hypothesis. 200 Part D The bar graph shows the cost per megawatt-hour comparison of various renewable and nonrenewable energy sources in the United States. The blue portion of the bars represents the cost of electricity. The red portion represents the additional system costs of harnessing that type of energy. Systems costs may include equipment expenses and costs of connection to a power grid. S/MWh, 7% discount factor 150 100 50 0 11 Coal Nuclear 4 15px System Cost of Electricity I di Gas Onshore Offshore Solar PV Wind Wind US Energy Resources (2014) A Request edit access Based on the graph, compare and contrast the total cost of renewable and nonrenewable energy sources. Explain what might account for the differences in cost. Do additional research as necessary. BI EFTE 岡田く In your response, examine the graph and tell which energy source (nonrenewable or…arrow_forwardCalculate the fraction of energy available after climbing up 3 trophic level(s). Express it as a decimal fraction and percent. Include the units in your answer, where appropriate. don't copy from other sourcesarrow_forward
arrow_back_ios
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
arrow_forward_ios
Recommended textbooks for you
Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)BiologyISBN:9781305389892Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillanPublisher:Cengage Learning
Biology 2eBiologyISBN:9781947172517Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann ClarkPublisher:OpenStax
Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
Biology
ISBN:9781305389892
Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Biology 2e
Biology
ISBN:9781947172517
Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark
Publisher:OpenStax
Energy flow in ecosystem; Author: MooMooMath and Science;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5jBV9vJmXZI;License: Standard youtube license