Physical Chemistry
2nd Edition
ISBN: 9781133958437
Author: Ball, David W. (david Warren), BAER, Tomas
Publisher: Wadsworth Cengage Learning,
expand_more
expand_more
format_list_bulleted
Concept explainers
Videos
Question
Chapter 20, Problem 20.88E
Interpretation Introduction
Interpretation:
The conditions under which the given reaction does not proceed, maintains a chain reaction and occurrence of significant branching are to be suggested.
Concept introduction:
Radioactive decay is the process that involves the emission of radiation by an unstable atomic nucleus. The atomic nucleus loses it energy. The process is spontaneous. It is also known as nuclear radiation.
Expert Solution & Answer
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solution
Students have asked these similar questions
Technetium (Tc) is a by-product of the spontaneous fission of Uranium-238 and as such is of particular interest to the nuclear sector. The most common isotope is 99Tc which is unstable and decays by emission of a beta particle,with a half-life of t½ = 2.11 x 105 years.
A 99Tc sample is characterised and is found to contain 0.1 mol of the radionuclide. Determine the time required for the amount of technetium to reduce by 1% of this value
The radioactive isotope carbon-14 is present in small quantities in all life forms, and it is constantly replenished until the organism dies, after which it decays to stable carbon-12 at a rate proportional to the amount of carbon-14 present, with a half-life of 5550 years. Suppose C(t) is the amount of carbon-14 present at time t.
(a) Find the value of the constant k in the differential equation C′=−kC. k=
?
(b) In 1988 three teams of scientists found that the Shroud of Turin, which was reputed to be the burial cloth of Jesus, contained about 91 percent of the amount of carbon-14 contained in freshly made cloth of the same material[1]. How was old the Shroud of Turin in 1988, according to these data? Age =
?
years
[1]: The New York Times, October 18, 1988.
The half life for the radioactive decay of rubidium-87 to strontium-87 is 4.88 × 100
years.
Suppose nuclear chemical analysis shows that there is 0.759 mmol of strontium-87 for every 1.000 mmol of rubidium-87 in a certain sample of rock. Calculate
the age of the rock.
Round your answer to 2 significant digits.
|years
?
Chapter 20 Solutions
Physical Chemistry
Ch. 20 - Prob. 20.1ECh. 20 - The oxidation-reduction reaction between iron...Ch. 20 - The oxidation-reduction reaction between iron...Ch. 20 - The rate of the reaction...Ch. 20 - For a certain reaction between NO and O2, the rate...Ch. 20 - For a reaction between SO2 and Cl2, the rate law...Ch. 20 - Consider the chemical reaction A+B+Cproducts...Ch. 20 - For the chemical reaction...Ch. 20 - Explain how a species might be part of a rate law...Ch. 20 - Refer to Example 20.2 and explain whether any...
Ch. 20 - Rate law experiments dont always give data in the...Ch. 20 - Prob. 20.12ECh. 20 - What must the units on k be for the following rate...Ch. 20 - What must the units on k be for the following rate...Ch. 20 - The reaction 2O33O2 has first-order kinetics and a...Ch. 20 - Digestive processes are first-order processes. The...Ch. 20 - Prob. 20.18ECh. 20 - Derive equation 20.15.Ch. 20 - Prob. 20.20ECh. 20 - To a very good approximation, the cooling of a hot...Ch. 20 - Assume that thermal decomposition of mercuric...Ch. 20 - Prob. 20.23ECh. 20 - Prob. 20.24ECh. 20 - Derive equation 20.22.Ch. 20 - a Write a rate law and an integrated rate law for...Ch. 20 - Derive an expression for the half-life of a a...Ch. 20 - Prob. 20.28ECh. 20 - Rewrite equation 20.27 so that it has the form of...Ch. 20 - One can also define a third-life, t1/3, which is...Ch. 20 - The decomposition of NH3: 2NH3N2+3H2 is a...Ch. 20 - Prob. 20.32ECh. 20 - Prob. 20.33ECh. 20 - When ionic compounds crystallize from a...Ch. 20 - An aqueous reaction that uses the solvent H2O as a...Ch. 20 - The rate law for the reaction...Ch. 20 - If a reaction has the same rate constant, what...Ch. 20 - List at least four experimentally determined...Ch. 20 - Prob. 20.39ECh. 20 - Prob. 20.40ECh. 20 - Prob. 20.41ECh. 20 - Prob. 20.42ECh. 20 - What is the value of the equilibrium constant of a...Ch. 20 - Prob. 20.44ECh. 20 - Prob. 20.45ECh. 20 - Show how equation 20.33 reduces to a simpler form...Ch. 20 - Write expressions like equation 20.37 for a set of...Ch. 20 - Prob. 20.48ECh. 20 - Prob. 20.49ECh. 20 - Prob. 20.50ECh. 20 - Prob. 20.51ECh. 20 - Prob. 20.52ECh. 20 - Prob. 20.53ECh. 20 - Prob. 20.54ECh. 20 - For what values of time, t, will 210Bi and 206Pb...Ch. 20 - Prob. 20.56ECh. 20 - An interesting pair of consecutive reactions...Ch. 20 - Find limiting forms of equation 20.47 for a k1>>k2...Ch. 20 - Prob. 20.59ECh. 20 - Prob. 20.60ECh. 20 - Prob. 20.61ECh. 20 - Prob. 20.62ECh. 20 - At room temperature (22C), the rate constant for...Ch. 20 - Recently, researchers studying the kinetics of...Ch. 20 - A reaction has k=1.771061/(Ms) at 25.0C and an...Ch. 20 - Prob. 20.66ECh. 20 - Prob. 20.67ECh. 20 - Prob. 20.68ECh. 20 - Nitric oxide, NO, is known to break down ozone,...Ch. 20 - a Suggest a mechanism for the bromination of...Ch. 20 - Prob. 20.71ECh. 20 - Prob. 20.72ECh. 20 - Determine a rate law for the chlorination of...Ch. 20 - Determine a rate law for the chlorination of...Ch. 20 - A proposed mechanism for the gas-phase...Ch. 20 - Prob. 20.76ECh. 20 - The nitration of methanol, CH3OH, by nitrous acid...Ch. 20 - Prob. 20.78ECh. 20 - Many gas-phase reactions require some inert body,...Ch. 20 - Prob. 20.80ECh. 20 - Carbonic anhydrase, an enzyme whose substrate is...Ch. 20 - Show that another form of the Michaelis-Menten...Ch. 20 - Prob. 20.83ECh. 20 - Prob. 20.84ECh. 20 - Prob. 20.85ECh. 20 - Prob. 20.86ECh. 20 - Pyrolysis involves heating compounds to break them...Ch. 20 - Prob. 20.88ECh. 20 - Label the elementary processes for the reaction...Ch. 20 - Prob. 20.90ECh. 20 - What are the rate laws of mechanisms 1 and 2 for...Ch. 20 - Estimate G for an elementary process whose rate...Ch. 20 - Prob. 20.93ECh. 20 - Prob. 20.94ECh. 20 - Prob. 20.95ECh. 20 - For the following two reactions H+Cl2HCl+Cl...Ch. 20 - Prob. 20.97ECh. 20 - Prob. 20.98ECh. 20 - Prob. 20.99ECh. 20 - Consider a reaction that has two parallel pathways...Ch. 20 - Consider a set of first-order consecutive...Ch. 20 - Prob. 20.102E
Knowledge Booster
Learn more about
Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, chemistry and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- The half life for the radioactive decay of carbon-14 to nitrogen-14 is 5.73x 10^3 years. Suppose nuclear chemical analysis shows that there is 0.888 mmol of nitrogen-14 for every 1.000 mmol of carbon-14 in a certain sample of rock. Calculate the age of the rock. Round your answer to 2 significant digits.arrow_forwardScientists can determine the age of ancient objects by the method of radiocarbon dating. The bombardment of the upper atmosphere by cosmic rays converts nitrogen to a radioactive isotope of carbon, 14C, with a half-life of about 5,730 years. Vegetation absorbs carbon dioxide through the atmosphere, and animal life assimilates 14C through food chains. When a plant or animal dies, it stops replacing its carbon, and the amount of 14C present begins to decrease through radioactive decay. Therefore, the level of radioactivity must also decay exponentially. Dinosaur fossils are often dated by using an element other than carbon, like potassium-40, that has a longer half-life (in this case, approximately 1.25 billion years). Suppose the minimum detectable mass is 0.4% and a dinosaur is dated with 40K to be 67 million years old. Is such a dating possible? What is the maximum age (in millions of years) of a fossil that could be dated using 40K? (Round your answer to one decimal place.) (Can you…arrow_forwardCalculate the ΔE in kJ/mol for the transmutation of M using the given molar masses: 189M74 → 185Q72 + 4He2 molar masses, g/mol: 189.0072 185.0045 4.0026 Enter your final answer in scientifc/exponential notation (e.g. 6.02e+23 or 1.66e-27); round off to TWO decimal places.arrow_forward
- The radioactive isotope carbon-14 is present in small quantities in all life forms, and it is constantly replenished until the organism dies, after which it decays to stable carbon-12 at a rate proportional to the amount of carbon-14 present, with a half-life of 5594 years. Suppose C'(t) is the amount of carbon-14 present at time t. (a) Find the value of the constant k in the differential equation C'=-kC. k = (b) In 1988 three teams of scientists found that the Shroud of Turin, which was reputed to be the burial cloth of Jesus, contained about 91 percent of the amount of carbon-14 contained in freshly made cloth of the same material[1]. How was old the Shroud of Turin in 1988, according to these data? Age = years [1]: The New York Times, October 18, 1988.arrow_forwardScientists can determine the age of ancient objects by the method of radiocarbon dating. The bombardment of the upper atmosphere by cosmic rays converts nitrogen to a radioactive isotope of carbon, 14C, with a half-life of about 5,730 years. Vegetation absorbs carbon dioxide through the atmosphere, and animal life assimilates 14C through food chains. When a plant or animal dies, it stops replacing its carbon, and the amount of 14C present begins to decrease through radioactive decay. Therefore, the level of radioactivity must also decay exponentially. Dinosaur fossils are too old to be reliably dated using carbon-14. Suppose we had a 66 million year old dinosaur fossil. What percent of the living dinosaur's 14C would be remaining today? (Round your answer to five decimal places.) 0.0000007537 X % Suppose the minimum detectable amount is 0.2%. What is the maximum age (in years) of a fossil that we could date using 14C? (Round your answer to the nearest year.) yrarrow_forwardScientists can determine the age of ancient objects by the method of radiocarbon dating. The bombardment of the upper atmosphere by cosmic rays converts nitrogen to a radioactive isotope of carbon, 14C, with a half-life of about 5,730 years. Vegetation absorbs carbon dioxide through the atmosphere, and animal life assimilates 14C through food chains. When a plant or animal dies, it stops replacing its carbon, and the amount of 14C present begins to decrease through radioactive decay. Therefore, the level of radioactivity must also decay exponentially. a) Dinosaur fossils are too old to be reliably dated using carbon-14. Suppose we had a 67 million year old dinosaur fossil. What percent of the living dinosaur's 14C would be remaining today? (Round your answer to five decimal places.) b) Suppose the minimum detectable amount is 0.7%. What is the maximum age (in years) of a fossil that we could date using 14C? (Round your answer to the nearest year.)arrow_forward
- Scientists can determine the age of ancient objects by the method of radiocarbon dating. The bombardment of the upper atmosphere by cosmic rays converts nitrogen to radioactive isotope of carbon, 14C, with a half-life of about 5730 years. Vegetation absorbs carbon dioxide through the atmosphere and animal life assimilates 14C through food chains. When a plant or animal dies, it stops replacing its carbon and the amount of ¹4C begins to decrease through radioactive decay. Therefore the level of radioactivity must also decay exponentially. A parchment fragment was discovered that had about 74% as much 14C radioactivity as does plant material on earth today. Estimate the age of the parchment. (Round your answer to the nearest whole number.) yr Need Help? Watch It Additional Materials eBookarrow_forwardThe technique known as potassiumargon dating is used to date volcanicrock and ash, and thus establish dates for nearby fossils, like this 1.8-millionyear- old hominid skull. The potassium isotope 40K decays with a 1.28-billionyear half-life and is naturally present at very low levels. The most common decay mode is beta-minus decay into the stable isotope 40Ca, but 10.9% of decays result in the stable isotope 40Ar. The high temperatures in volcanoes drive argon out of solidifying rock and ash, so there is no argon in newly formed material. After formation, argon produced in the decay of 40K is trapped, so 40Ar builds up steadily over time. Accurate dating ispossible by measuring the ratio of the number of atoms of 40Ar and 40K. 1.8 million years after its formation,a. What fraction of the 40K initially present in a sample has decayed?b. What is the 40Ar/40K ratio of the sample?arrow_forwarddNuclear Processess [Review Topics] [References] Use the References to access important values if needed for this question. Carbon-14 is used in radiocarbon dating. The half-life of carbon-14 is 5.73 × 10° years. How many milligrams of a 81.5 milligram sample of carbon-14 will be lost by radioactive decay during 1.15 x 10% years? mg Submit Answer Retry Entire Group 9 more group attempts remaining Previous Next Save and Cengage Learning | Cengage Technical Supportarrow_forward
- At t = 0s, you have a pure sample of an unknown substance. At t = 28 s, 36.8% of the substance remains. Determine the half-life and what t will be when 10% of the substance remains. t1/2= t=arrow_forwardExample 6. Fossil dating Radioactive beryllium is sometimes used to date fossils found in deep-sea sediment. The amount of radioactive material x satisfies dx/dt = kx. Suppose that 10 units of beryllium are present in a living organism and that the half-life of beryllium is 4.6 million years. Find the age of a fossil if 20% of the original radioactivity is present when the fossil is discovered.arrow_forwardScientists can determine the age of ancient objects by a method called radiocarbondating. The bombardment of the upper atmosphere by cosmic rays converts bitrogen toa radioactive isotope of carbon, C-14, with a half-life of about 5730 years. Vegetationabsorbs carbon dioxide through the atmosphere and animal life assimilates C-14 throughfood chains. When a plant or animal dies it stops replacing its carbon and the amount ofC-14 begins to decrease through radioactive decay. Therefore, the level of radioactivitymust also exponentially decay. A parchment fragment was discovered that had about74% as much C-14 radioactivity as does plant material on the earth today. Estimate theage of the parchment.arrow_forward
arrow_back_ios
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
arrow_forward_ios
Recommended textbooks for you
Physical ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781133958437Author:Ball, David W. (david Warren), BAER, TomasPublisher:Wadsworth Cengage Learning,
Chemistry: Principles and PracticeChemistryISBN:9780534420123Author:Daniel L. Reger, Scott R. Goode, David W. Ball, Edward MercerPublisher:Cengage Learning
Chemistry: The Molecular ScienceChemistryISBN:9781285199047Author:John W. Moore, Conrad L. StanitskiPublisher:Cengage Learning
Chemistry for Engineering StudentsChemistryISBN:9781285199023Author:Lawrence S. Brown, Tom HolmePublisher:Cengage Learning
Chemistry: Matter and ChangeChemistryISBN:9780078746376Author:Dinah Zike, Laurel Dingrando, Nicholas Hainen, Cheryl WistromPublisher:Glencoe/McGraw-Hill School Pub Co
Principles of Instrumental AnalysisChemistryISBN:9781305577213Author:Douglas A. Skoog, F. James Holler, Stanley R. CrouchPublisher:Cengage Learning
Physical Chemistry
Chemistry
ISBN:9781133958437
Author:Ball, David W. (david Warren), BAER, Tomas
Publisher:Wadsworth Cengage Learning,
Chemistry: Principles and Practice
Chemistry
ISBN:9780534420123
Author:Daniel L. Reger, Scott R. Goode, David W. Ball, Edward Mercer
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Chemistry: The Molecular Science
Chemistry
ISBN:9781285199047
Author:John W. Moore, Conrad L. Stanitski
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Chemistry for Engineering Students
Chemistry
ISBN:9781285199023
Author:Lawrence S. Brown, Tom Holme
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Chemistry: Matter and Change
Chemistry
ISBN:9780078746376
Author:Dinah Zike, Laurel Dingrando, Nicholas Hainen, Cheryl Wistrom
Publisher:Glencoe/McGraw-Hill School Pub Co
Principles of Instrumental Analysis
Chemistry
ISBN:9781305577213
Author:Douglas A. Skoog, F. James Holler, Stanley R. Crouch
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Photochemistry : Introduction to Basic Theory of Photochemical Process [Part 1]; Author: Dr. Vikrant Palekar;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2NDOL11d6no;License: Standard YouTube License, CC-BY
Photochemistry-1; Author: CH-08:ARYABHATT [Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry];https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DC4J0t1z3e8;License: Standard Youtube License