Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation: The number of decarboxylation reactions in the citric acid cycle should be determined.
Concept Introduction: Aerobic respiration occurs in two steps;
- Glycolysis
- Citric acid cycle
Glycolysis is the first step that forms pyruvate. In the presence of oxygen means aerobic respiration, this pyruvate enters in the Krebs cycle and extracts energy in the form of electrons transfer. Electrons are transferred from the pyruvate to the receptors like
(b)
Interpretation: The concurrent oxidizing agent in the decarboxylation steps in the citric acid cycle should be determined.
Concept Introduction: Aerobic respiration occurs in two steps;
- Glycolysis
- Citric acid cycle
Glycolysis is the first step that forms pyruvate. In the presence of oxygen means aerobic respiration, this pyruvate enters in the Krebs cycle and extracts energy in the form of electrons transfer. Electrons are transferred from the pyruvate to the receptors like
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Introduction To General, Organic, And Biochemistry
- (b) Provide the Green svnthesis of ibuprofen.arrow_forwardAnswer the question associated with Figure 20.3. How else might ammonia be detected?arrow_forwardMalate is converted to oxaloacetate by the enzyme malate dehydrogenase in the final reaction of the citrate cycle. This redox reaction results in the reduction of NAD+ to generate NADH + H+. Answer the three questions below and choose the correct answer. (a) Calculate the delta AE for the malate dehydrogenase reaction. (b) Calculate AG and determine if the conversion from malate to oxaloacetate is favorable under standard biochemical conditions using the information below. (c) Under cellular conditions is the AG favorable or unfavorable? Oxaloacetate + 2H* + 2e- --> Malate E° = -0.17 V NAD* + H+ + 2e- --> NADH E°' = -0.32 Varrow_forward
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- The final product is the decomposition of Oxaloacetic acid.arrow_forwardThere are eight chemical reactions that occur in the citric acid cycle process. The reactions of the citric acid cycle are shown in the figure below. You were introduced to several classes of organic reactions. These classes include esterification, decarboxylation, hydration reactions, dehydration of alcohols, oxidation of alcohols, oxidation of aldehydes, reduction of aldehydes, and reduction of ketones. Find at least one of these reaction classes in the citric acid cycle. List the reaction number and the reaction. Write a sentence or two on how you were able to make the classification.arrow_forwardWhat is a correct statement regarding the preferred metabolism of a drug? (a) There should be no metabolism at all (b) The metabolism should be very fast (c) The metabolism should take place in the kidneys (d) The metabolites should not be toxic (e) The metabolites should be excreted through exhalation What is a false statement regarding cell membranes? (a) Their basic structure is a phospholipid bilayer (b) The interior of a membrane is lipophilic (c) Membranes are rigid structures (d) The exterior of a membrane is hydrophilic (e) Proteins are integral part structures of membranesarrow_forward
- A few hours after the death of an animal, the corpse will stiffen as a result of continued contraction of muscle tissue (this state is called rigor mortis). This phenomenon is the result of the loss of ATP production in muscle tissue.(a) Consult as shown and describe, in terms of the six-step model of muscle contraction, how a lack of ATP in sarcomeres would result in rigor mortis.(b) The Ca2+ transporter in sarcomeres that keeps the [Ca2+]∼10-7 Mrequires ATP to drive transport of Ca2+ ions across the membrane of thesarcoplasmic reticulum. How would a loss of this Ca2+ transport functionresult in the initiation of rigor mortis?(c) Rigor mortis is maximal at ∼12 hrs after death and by 72 hrs is nolonger observed. Propose an explanation for the disappearance of rigormortis after 12 hrs.arrow_forward(a) Write the deprotonation equations for citric acid FÓRMULA pKal pK2 pK23 pKa4 он HO-C–CH2–C–CH2–Ĉ–OH 2.94 4.14 5.82 16.0 0=C–OHarrow_forwardDraw the structures of ammonia and urea . (b) Write the reaction showing ammonia acting as a base in water . (c) Write a reaction showing the formation of carbamoyl phosphate from ammonia , carbon dioxide , and any other reactants .arrow_forward
- Introduction to General, Organic and BiochemistryChemistryISBN:9781285869759Author:Frederick A. Bettelheim, William H. Brown, Mary K. Campbell, Shawn O. Farrell, Omar TorresPublisher:Cengage LearningChemistry for Today: General, Organic, and Bioche...ChemistryISBN:9781305960060Author:Spencer L. Seager, Michael R. Slabaugh, Maren S. HansenPublisher:Cengage Learning