Foundations in Microbiology
10th Edition
ISBN: 9781259705212
Author: Kathleen Park Talaro, Barry Chess Instructor
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Question
Chapter 2.L1, Problem 9WC
Summary Introduction
To analyse:
- The characteristics of phospholipids that make them essential components of cell membranes.
- The differences between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.
- The reason why the hydrophilic end of phospholipids is attracted to water.
Introduction:
Lipids are complex biological macromolecules that are insoluble in water. They have the structural backbone of glycerol on which one or more binding sites are occupied by fatty acids and/or other
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2. (a) The diagram below shows the structure of a lipid.
i. Which type of lipid does this structure belong to?
ii. Give one example of molecule made up of this type of lipid.
iii. Describe the distinct roles of this type of lipid on membrane at different
temperatures. Keep your answer brief.
(b) The figure illustrates the structure of a lipid.
CH2-O-
CH-O-
CH2
i. Regarding the types of fatty acids, what is the name of this type of lipid? Give the
full name, not abbreviation.
ii.
After hydrolysis, the fatty acid chain indicated by an arrow is released. Name this
fatty acid in n-system and delta (A) designation.
ii.
How can the fatty acid release energy in the cells?
8) Define the following terms:
a. Hydrophobic
b. Hydrophillic
9) Describe the composition of a phospholipid and its relationship with water. Be specific
about how the different parts of a phospholipid interact with water.
13.
Which of the following statements about membrane phospholipids is/are true?
a)
They are oriented within biological membranes with polar head groups facing the outsides of the membrane.
b)
Only if assisted by the appropriate enzymes, phospholipids in aqueous solution will form themselves into bilayers, which seal their edges by forming droplets.
c)
They can have different shapes depending on the presence of double bonds in their fatty acid tails.
d)
a and c
e)
a, b and c
Chapter 2 Solutions
Foundations in Microbiology
Ch. 2.1 - Prob. 1ELOCh. 2.1 - Prob. 2ELOCh. 2.1 - Prob. 3ELOCh. 2.1 - Prob. 4ELOCh. 2.1 - Prob. 5ELOCh. 2.1 - Prob. 1CYPCh. 2.1 - Prob. 2CYPCh. 2.1 - Prob. 3CYPCh. 2.1 - Prob. 4CYPCh. 2.1 - Prob. 5CYP
Ch. 2.1 - Prob. 6CYPCh. 2.2 - Prob. 6ELOCh. 2.2 - Prob. 7ELOCh. 2.2 - Prob. 8ELOCh. 2.2 - Prob. 9ELOCh. 2.2 - Prob. 10ELOCh. 2.2 - Prob. 11ELOCh. 2.2 - 7. Explain how the concepti of molecules and...Ch. 2.2 - Prob. 8CYPCh. 2.2 - Prob. 9CYPCh. 2.2 - Prob. 10CYPCh. 2.2 - Prob. 11CYPCh. 2.2 - Prob. 12CYPCh. 2.2 - Prob. 13CYPCh. 2.2 - Prob. 14CYPCh. 2.3 - Prob. 12ELOCh. 2.3 - 13. Explain solutes, solvents, and hydration.Ch. 2.3 - Prob. 14ELOCh. 2.3 - 15. Describe the pH scale and how it was derived;...Ch. 2.3 - Prob. 15CYPCh. 2.3 - Prob. 16CYPCh. 2.3 - 17. What properties of water make it an effective...Ch. 2.3 - Prob. 18CYPCh. 2.3 - 19. What determines whether a substance is an acid...Ch. 2.4 - 16. Describe the chemistry of carbon and the...Ch. 2.4 - Prob. 17ELOCh. 2.4 - Prob. 18ELOCh. 2.4 - Prob. 20CYPCh. 2.4 - Prob. 21CYPCh. 2.4 - Prob. 22CYPCh. 2.4 - 23. What are functional groups?Ch. 2.4 - Prob. 24CYPCh. 2.5 - 19. Define carbohydrate and know the functional...Ch. 2.5 - Prob. 20ELOCh. 2.5 - 21. Discuss the functions of carbohydrates in...Ch. 2.5 - Prob. 25CYPCh. 2.5 - Prob. 26CYPCh. 2.5 - 27. What are some of the functions of...Ch. 2.6 - 22. Define lipid, triglyceride, phospholipid,...Ch. 2.6 - 23. Describe how an ester bond is formed.Ch. 2.6 - Prob. 24ELOCh. 2.6 - 28. Draw simple structural molecules of...Ch. 2.7 - 25. Describe the structures of peptides and...Ch. 2.7 - 26. Characterize the four levels of protein...Ch. 2.7 - 27. Summarize some of the essential functions of...Ch. 2.7 - Prob. 29CYPCh. 2.7 - 30. Differentiate between a peptide, a...Ch. 2.7 - 31. Explain what causes the various levels of...Ch. 2.7 - 32. What functions do proteins perform in a cell?Ch. 2.8 - 28. Identify a nucleic acid and differentiate...Ch. 2.8 - Prob. 29ELOCh. 2.8 - 30. Explain how the DNA code may be copied, and...Ch. 2.8 - 33. Describe a nucleotide and a polynucleotide,...Ch. 2.8 - 34. Name the two purines and the three...Ch. 2.8 - 35. What are the functions of RNA?Ch. 2.8 - 36.What is ATP, and how does it function in cells?Ch. 2.L1 - 1. The smallest unit of matter with unique...Ch. 2.L1 - 2. The charge of a proton is exactly balanced by...Ch. 2.L1 - Prob. 3MCQCh. 2.L1 - Prob. 4MCQCh. 2.L1 - Prob. 5MCQCh. 2.L1 - Prob. 6MCQCh. 2.L1 - Prob. 7MCQCh. 2.L1 - 8. An atom that can donate electrons during a...Ch. 2.L1 - 9. In a solution of NaCl and water, NaCl is the...Ch. 2.L1 - 10. A solution with a pH of 2 than a solution with...Ch. 2.L1 - 11. Fructose is a type of a. disaccharide b....Ch. 2.L1 - 6. Bonds in which atoms share electrons are...Ch. 2.L1 - 13. How is our understanding of microbiology...Ch. 2.L1 - 14. A phospholipid contains a. three fatty acids...Ch. 2.L1 - 15. Proteins are synthesized by linking amino...Ch. 2.L1 - 16. The amino acid that accounts for disulfide...Ch. 2.L1 - 17. DNA is a hereditary molecule that is composed...Ch. 2.L1 - 18. What is meant by the term DMA replication? a....Ch. 2.L1 - 19. Proteins can function as a. enzymes b....Ch. 2.L1 - 20. RNA plays an important role in what biological...Ch. 2.L1 - 1. Which of the following has not been a major...Ch. 2.L1 - 2. What was a significant result of the Mars...Ch. 2.L1 - Prob. 3CSRCh. 2.L1 - Prob. 1WCCh. 2.L1 - Prob. 2WCCh. 2.L1 - Prob. 3WCCh. 2.L1 - Prob. 4WCCh. 2.L1 - Prob. 5WCCh. 2.L1 - 6. Why are hydrogen bonds relatively weak?Ch. 2.L1 - 7. What kind of substances will be expected to be...Ch. 2.L1 - Prob. 8WCCh. 2.L1 - Prob. 9WCCh. 2.L1 - 10. What makes the amino acids distinctive, and...Ch. 2.L1 - Prob. 11WCCh. 2.L1 - Prob. 12WCCh. 2.L1 - 6. Bonds in which atoms share electrons are...Ch. 2.L2 - Prob. 1CTCh. 2.L2 - Prob. 2CTCh. 2.L2 - Prob. 3CTCh. 2.L2 - 4. Distinguish between polar and ionic compounds.Ch. 2.L2 - 5. Is galactose an aldehyde or a ketone sugar?Ch. 2.L2 - 6. a. How many water molecules are released when a...Ch. 2.L2 - Prob. 7CTCh. 2.L2 - Prob. 8CTCh. 2.L2 - Prob. 1VC
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- (a). Phospholipids are amphipathic molecules which have hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions. Explain how this feature benefits the cell. (Give ONE reason) (2) (b). Give ONE difference between a saturated phospholipid and an unsaturated phospholipid. (2)arrow_forwardA) Briefly describe the basic structure of phospholipids and explain how they can provide an effective barrier against the unregulated movement of molecules into or out of cells. B) Not all phospholipids are identical to one another. Describe two components (parts) of that can be altered to create variation between different phospholipids.arrow_forward1. Why is oil liquid at room temperature, while butter is solid? 2. What are trans-fatty acids? In what kinds of foods are they present and what type of lipid does it belong to?arrow_forward
- 23. The cell membrane is made of a bilayer of.. A. triglycerides with their nonpolar tails facing toward the center of the cell B. triglycerides with their nonpolar tails facing outward to the exterior of the cell C. glycerophospholipids with their nonpolar tails facing toward the center of the cell D. glycerophospholipids with the nonpolar tails facing outward to the exterior of the cellarrow_forwardThe following structure is a glycerophospholipid. a. Circle & label the 4 parts of the molecule: fatty acids (2), glycerol, phosphate, & amino alcohol. CH,- 0 - Č - (CH,),CH, CH - 0 -Č- (CH,),CH, CH, CH,- 0 - P - 0 - CH,- CH,- N° - CH, b. Which part of the molecule is considered nonpolar (hydrophobic)? (fatty acids, glycerol, phosphate or amino alcohol)arrow_forwardPhospholipids undergo saponification much like triglycerides. Draw the structure of a phospholipid meeting the followingcriteria. Then draw the products that would result from its saponification.(a) a cephalin containing stearic acid and oleic acid (b) a lecithin containing palmitic acidarrow_forward
- 16. What phosphoglyceride components would be found in the interior of a cell membrane lipid bilayer? a. polar "heads" of molecules b. nonpolar "heads" of molecules O C. polar "tails" of molecules d. nonpolar "tails" of moleculesarrow_forwardA phospholipid is a biomolecule composed of a phosphate group that is bonded to two lipid chains. Which of the following correctly describes the nature of those two components? (a) The phosphate group is hydrophobic, and the lipid chains are hydrophilic. (b) Both the phosphate group and the lipid chains are hydrophilic. (c) Both the phosphate group and the lipid chains are hydrophobic. (d) The phosphate group is hydrophilic, and the lipid chains are hydrophobic.arrow_forwardDefine the three most common types of membrane lipidsarrow_forward
- The structure of a lipid bilayer is determined by the particular properties of its lipid molecules. What would happen if A. Phospholipids had only one hydrocarbon tail instead of two?B. The hydrocarbon tails were shorter than normal, say, about 10 carbon atoms long?C. All of the hydrocarbon tails were saturated?D. All of the hydrocarbon tails were unsaturated?E. The bilayer contained a mixture of two kinds of phospholipid molecules, one with two saturated hydrocarbon tails and the other with two unsaturated hydrocarbon tails?F. Each phospholipid molecule were covalently linked through the end carbon atom of one of its hydrocarbon tails to a phospholipid tail in the opposite monolayer?arrow_forwardThe following is a block diagram for a glycerophospholipid where the building blocks are labeled with letters and the linkages between building blocks are labeled with numbers. ____________ 5. Which building blocks are glycerol residues? ____________ 6. Which building blocks are phosphate residues? ____________ 7. Which linkages involve an alcohol residue? ____________ 8. Which linkages involve both glycerol and fatty acid residues?arrow_forwardDescribe the structure of a phospholipid. Which end of themolecule is hydrophilic? Explain why.arrow_forward
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