Principles of Modern Chemistry
8th Edition
ISBN: 9781305079113
Author: David W. Oxtoby, H. Pat Gillis, Laurie J. Butler
Publisher: Cengage Learning
expand_more
expand_more
format_list_bulleted
Concept explainers
Question
Chapter 3, Problem 17P
Interpretation Introduction
Interpretation:
The graph should be drawn for effective potential energy curve for
Concept introduction:
The average distance present between the nuclei of two linked atoms in a molecule is known as bond length.
The energy needed to break a
Expert Solution & Answer
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionStudents have asked these similar questions
The enthalpy of sublimation of calcium at 25 °c is 178.2 kJ mol- 1.How much energy (at constant temperature and pressure) must be supplied as heat to 5.0 g of solid calcium to produce a plasma (a gas of charged particles) composed of Ca2+ ions and electrons?
How much energy (at constant temperature and pressure) must be supplied as heat to 10.0 g of chlorine gas (as Cl2) to produce a plasma composed of Cl- and Cl+ ions? The enthalpy of ionization of Cl(g) is +12575 kJ mol-1 and its electron gain enthalpy is -349 kJ mol-1. Hence identify the standardenthalpy of ionization of Cl- (g).
In the reaction 2A (g) + B(g)==>2C(g) + D(g), 3.00 mol A was mixed with 2 mol of B and 0.5 mol of D. The system was allowed to come to equilibrium. At equilibrium, 1.2 mol of C was present at a total pressure of 1 bar. Calculate the mole fractions of each species at equilibrium, K, and ΔGr at 298 K.
Chapter 3 Solutions
Principles of Modern Chemistry
Ch. 3 - Before the element scandium was discovered in...Ch. 3 - Prob. 2PCh. 3 - Prob. 3PCh. 3 - Prob. 4PCh. 3 - Prob. 5PCh. 3 - A gold nucleus is located at the origin of...Ch. 3 - Prob. 7PCh. 3 - A gold nucleus is located at the origin of...Ch. 3 - Prob. 9PCh. 3 - Prob. 10P
Ch. 3 - Use the data in Table 3.1 to plot the logarithm of...Ch. 3 - Use the data in Table 3.1 to plot the logarithm of...Ch. 3 - Prob. 13PCh. 3 - Prob. 14PCh. 3 - Prob. 15PCh. 3 - Prob. 16PCh. 3 - Prob. 17PCh. 3 - Prob. 18PCh. 3 - HF has equilibrium bond length of 0.926 A and bond...Ch. 3 - Prob. 20PCh. 3 - For each of the following atoms or ions, state the...Ch. 3 - Prob. 22PCh. 3 - Use the data in Figure 3.11 and Table 3.2 to...Ch. 3 - Use the data in Figure 3.11 and Table 3.2 to...Ch. 3 - Prob. 25PCh. 3 - In a gaseous RbF molecule, the bond length is...Ch. 3 - The bond lengths of the XH bonds in NH3,PH3 , and...Ch. 3 - Arrange the following covalent diatomic molecules...Ch. 3 - The bond length in HI(1.62) is close to the sum of...Ch. 3 - Prob. 30PCh. 3 - Use electronegativity values to arrange the...Ch. 3 - Use electronegativity values to rank the bonds in...Ch. 3 - Prob. 33PCh. 3 - Prob. 34PCh. 3 - Prob. 35PCh. 3 - Estimate the percent ionic character of the bond...Ch. 3 - The percent ionic character of a bond can be...Ch. 3 - The percent ionic character of the bonds in...Ch. 3 - Assign formal charges to all atoms in the...Ch. 3 - Assign formal charges to all atoms in the...Ch. 3 - Determine the formal charges on all the atoms in...Ch. 3 - the formal charges on all the atoms in the...Ch. 3 - Prob. 43PCh. 3 - In each of the following Lewis diagrams, Z...Ch. 3 - Draw Lewis electron dot diagrams for the following...Ch. 3 - Prob. 46PCh. 3 - Prob. 47PCh. 3 - Acetic acid is the active ingredient of vinegar....Ch. 3 - Under certain conditions, the stable form of...Ch. 3 - White phosphorus (P4) consists of four phosphorus...Ch. 3 - Draw Lewis electron dot diagrams for the following...Ch. 3 - Draw Lewis electron dot diagrams for the following...Ch. 3 - Draw Lewis diagrams for the two resonance forms of...Ch. 3 - Draw Lewis diagrams for the three resonance forms...Ch. 3 - Methyl isocyanate, which was involved in the...Ch. 3 - Prob. 56PCh. 3 - Draw Lewis diagrams for the following compounds....Ch. 3 - Draw Lewis diagrams for the following ions. In the...Ch. 3 - Prob. 59PCh. 3 - Prob. 60PCh. 3 - For each of the following molecules or molecular...Ch. 3 - For each of the following molecules or molecular...Ch. 3 - Give an example of a molecule or ion having a...Ch. 3 - Give an example of a molecule or ion having a...Ch. 3 - For each of the answers in Problem 59, state...Ch. 3 - For each of the answers in Problem 60, state...Ch. 3 - Prob. 67PCh. 3 - Mixing SbCl3 and GaCl3 in a 1:1 molar ratio (using...Ch. 3 - (a) Use the VSEPR theory to predict the structure...Ch. 3 - Ozone (O3) has a nonzero dipole moment. In the...Ch. 3 - Assign oxidation numbers to the atoms in each of...Ch. 3 - Prob. 72PCh. 3 - Prob. 73PCh. 3 - Prob. 74PCh. 3 - Prob. 75PCh. 3 - Prob. 76PCh. 3 - Prob. 77PCh. 3 - Prob. 78PCh. 3 - Prob. 79PCh. 3 - Prob. 80PCh. 3 - Prob. 81PCh. 3 - Prob. 82PCh. 3 - Prob. 83PCh. 3 - Prob. 84PCh. 3 - Prob. 85APCh. 3 - Prob. 86APCh. 3 - At large interatomic separations, an alkali halide...Ch. 3 - Prob. 88APCh. 3 - Prob. 89APCh. 3 - Two possible Lewis diagrams for sulfine (H2CSO)...Ch. 3 - There is persuasive evidence for the brief...Ch. 3 - The compound SF3N has been synthesized. (a) Draw...Ch. 3 - Prob. 93APCh. 3 - The molecular ion S3N3 has the cyclic structure...Ch. 3 - Prob. 95APCh. 3 - Prob. 96APCh. 3 - Prob. 97APCh. 3 - Prob. 98APCh. 3 - A stable triatomic molecule can be formed that...Ch. 3 - The gaseous potassium chloride molecule has a...Ch. 3 - (a) Predict the geometry of the SbCl52 ion, using...Ch. 3 - Prob. 102APCh. 3 - Predict the arrangement of the atoms about the...Ch. 3 - Prob. 104APCh. 3 - Prob. 105APCh. 3 - Prob. 106APCh. 3 - Prob. 107APCh. 3 - Prob. 108APCh. 3 - (a) Determine the oxidation number of lead in each...Ch. 3 - Prob. 110APCh. 3 - Prob. 111CPCh. 3 - Prob. 112CPCh. 3 - A compound is being tested for use as a rocket...Ch. 3 - Prob. 114CP
Knowledge Booster
Learn more about
Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, chemistry and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- 3) An empirical function that might be used to represent the molecular energy is E=0 一 B where A and B are positive constants. Find A and B in terms of the equilibrium separation Req and the dissociation energy Eo.arrow_forwardGibbs free energy (G�) is a measure of the spontaneity of a chemical reaction. It is the chemical potential for a reaction, and is minimized at equilibrium. It is defined as G=H−TS�=�−�� where H� is enthalpy, T� is temperature, and S� is entropy. The chemical reaction that causes magnesium to corrode in air is given by 2Mg+O2→2MgO2Mg+O2→2MgO in which at 298 K, ΔH∘rxn = −1204 kJΔ�rxn∘ = −1204 kJ and ΔS∘rxn = −217.1 J/KΔ�rxn∘ = −217.1 J/K. Part A Part complete What is the standard Gibbs free energy for this reaction? Assume the commonly used standard reference temperature of 298 K. Part B What is the Gibbs free energy for this reaction at 5958 KK ? Assume that ΔHΔ� and ΔSΔ� do not change with temperature. Express your answer to two decimal places and include the appropriate units. Part C At what temperature Teq�eq do the forward and reverse corrosion reactions occur in equilibrium? Express your answer as an integer and include the appropriate units.arrow_forwardThe term "bond energy" and "bond enthalpy" have often been used interchangeably to describe the strength of a bond. a) Calculate the average bond enthalpy of the O-H bond in water at 298 K and 1 bar, given the reaction: H₂O(g) →2H(g) + O(g), with AHƒ = 218.0, 249.2, and -241.8 kJ mol¹¹ for H(g), O(g), and H₂O(g) respectively. Give your answer in units of kJ/mol. b) How does your answer from (a) compare to the average bond energy (i.e. AU) of the O-H bond at 298 K and 1 bar: 461.0 kJ/mol?arrow_forward
- Make a non-spontaneous process spontaneous A process that is nonspontaneous can be made spontaneous by coupling it with another process tha is highly spontaneous. The coupling of nonspontaneous reactions with highly spontaneous ones is important in biological system. The oxidization of glucose, for example, is highly spontaneous: C6H12O6(s) + 60₂(g) → 6 CO₂(g) + 6 H₂O(1) Spontaneous reactions such as this ultimately drive the nonspontaneous reactions necessary to sustain life. Can you use Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, and entropy to argue this reaction is highly spontaneous?arrow_forwardGiven the following data: CO(g)+H20(g)→ CO,(g)+ H2(g) AH° (25°C) = -42.0 kJmol1 C, (CO) = 26.8 + 6 x 10³T JK'mol1 C, (H2O) = 30.1+ 10 x 10³T JK'mol1 Cp (H2) = 28.5 + 2 x 10³T JK'mol1 C, (CO2) = 26.4 + 42 x 10³T JK-'mol1 where T is the thermodynamic temperature, calculate the change in enthalpy for the reaction at 1000 K.arrow_forwardGibbs free energy (G) is a measure of the spontaneity of a chemical reaction. It is the chemical potential for a reaction, and is minimized at equilibrium. It is defined as G=H-TS where H is enthalpy, T is temperature, and S is entropy. The chemical reaction that causes iron to corrode in air is given by 4Fe +302-2Fe2O3 in which at 298 K, AH = - 1684 kJ and ASixn - 543.7 J/K. = Part C At what temperature Teq do the forward and reverse corrosion reactions occur in equilibrium? Express your answer as an integer and include the appropriate units. ► View Available Hint(s) Teq = Submit 14 μÅ Value Units ?arrow_forward
- What is the standard Gibbs free energy for this reaction? Assume the commonly used standard reference temperature of 298 K. Express your answer as an integer and include the appropriate units. ► View Available Hint(s) Submit AGixn = 6.24. 10¹¹ Part B AGrxn= xa Submit Part C μÅ Xb b Teq = Previous Answers X Incorrect; Try Again; 5 attempts remaining Enter your answer with a different unit type. Review a list of acceptable units. What is the Gibbs free energy for this reaction at 5975 K ? Assume that AH and AS do not change with temperature. Express your answer to two decimal places and include the appropriate units. ► View Available Hint(s) Value μА Value . μA X.10n J K X Units At what temperature Teq do the forward and reverse corrosion reactions occur in equilibrium? Express your answer as an integer and include the appropriate units. ► View Available Hint(s) Units ? ?arrow_forwardIf the equilibrium constant of a reaction is Keq = 9.3 × 103 at 900 °C, what is the change in Gibbs free energy for this reaction (in kJ mol–1) at the indicated temperature? R = 8.314 J K–1 mol–1arrow_forwardGibbs free energy (G) is a measure of the spontaneity of a chemical reaction. It is the chemical potential for a reaction, and is minimized at equilibrium. It is defined as G=H-TS where H is enthalpy, T' is temperature, and S is entropy. The chemical reaction that causes aluminum to corrode in air is given by 4A1+30₂-2Al₂O₁ in which at 298 K, AH = -3352 kJ and AS = -625.1J/K Part A What is the standard Gibbs free energy for this reaction? Assume the commonly used standard reference temperature of 298 K Express your answer as an integer and include the appropriate units. ▸ View Available Hint(s) μA AG - 89 kJ Submit Previous Answers X Incorrect; Try Again; 4 attempts remaining Part B What is the Gibbs free energy for this reaction at 5975 K? Assume that AH and AS do not change with temperature. Express your answer to two decimal places and include the appropriate units. > View Available Hint(s) ? AG= Value Units Submitarrow_forward
- Gibbs free energy (G) is a measure of the spontaneity of a chemical reaction. It is the chemical potential for a reaction, and is minimized at equilibrium. It is defined as G=H-TS where H is enthalpy, T is temperature, and S is entropy. The chemical reaction that causes iron to corrode in air is given by 4Fe+302-2Fe2O3 TXn in which at 298 K, AH ASixn - 543.7 J/K. H = - 1684 kJ and Part A What is the standard Gibbs free energy for this reaction? Assume the commonly used standard reference temperature of 298 K. Express your answer as an integer and include the appropriate units. ► View Available Hint(s) AGrxn Submit μÅ Value t Ć Units ?arrow_forwardAt 25 °C, the equilibrium partial pressures for the reaction 3 A(g) + 2 B(g) = C(g) + 2 D(g) were found to be PA = 4.25 atm, Pg = 5.05 atm, Pc = 4.13 atm, and Pp 4.94 atm. %3D What is the standard change in Gibbs free energy of this reaction at 25 °C? kJ molarrow_forwardCalculate the standard Gibbs free energy in kJ mol–1.arrow_forward
arrow_back_ios
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
arrow_forward_ios
Recommended textbooks for you
- Chemistry & Chemical ReactivityChemistryISBN:9781133949640Author:John C. Kotz, Paul M. Treichel, John Townsend, David TreichelPublisher:Cengage LearningChemistry: An Atoms First ApproachChemistryISBN:9781305079243Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. ZumdahlPublisher:Cengage Learning
Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity
Chemistry
ISBN:9781133949640
Author:John C. Kotz, Paul M. Treichel, John Townsend, David Treichel
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Chemistry: An Atoms First Approach
Chemistry
ISBN:9781305079243
Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Calorimetry Concept, Examples and Thermochemistry | How to Pass Chemistry; Author: Melissa Maribel;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nSh29lUGj00;License: Standard YouTube License, CC-BY