Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
The structure of ascorbic acid as it exists at the physiological
Concept introduction:
The
(b)
Interpretation:
The resonance structures of the structure of ascorbic acid as it exists at the physiological
Concept introduction:
Resonance is the phenomena of the delocalization of pi electrons to give extra stability to the molecule. This extra stability comes from the distribution of the energy of the molecule in the resonance structures formed.
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Organic Chemistry
- Rank the Acidity of the following sets of compounds. Give an explanation for the answers.arrow_forward(a) Given that Kb for ammonia is 1.8 x10-5 and that forhydroxylamine is 1.1 x 10-8, which is the stronger base?(b) Which is the stronger acid, the ammonium ion or thehydroxylammonium ion? (c) Calculate Ka values for NH4+and H3NOH+.arrow_forwardArrange the given molecules by increasing acidity. Elaborate these in terms of their partial charges and their inductive effects.arrow_forward
- The acid HA has pKa 7.00. (a) Which is the principal species, HA or A, at pH 6.00? (b) Which is the principal species at pH 8.00? (c) What is the quotient [A]/[HA] at (i) pH 7.00; (ii) at pH 6.00?arrow_forwardBenzoic acid (C6H5COOH) and aniline (C6H5NH2) areboth derivatives of benzene. Benzoic acid is an acid withKa = 6.3 x10-5 and aniline is a base with Ka = 4.3 x10-10. (a) What are the conjugate base of benzoic acid andthe conjugate acid of aniline? (b) Anilinium chloride(C6H5NH3Cl) is a strong electrolyte that dissociates intoanilinium ions (C6H5NH3+) and chloride ions. Which willbe more acidic, a 0.10 M solution of benzoic acid or a 0.10M solution of anilinium chloride? (c) What is the value ofthe equilibrium constant for the following equilibrium?C6H5COOH(aq) + C6H5NH2(aq) ⇌ C6H5COO-(aq) + C6H5NH3+(aq)arrow_forwardPredict the stronger acid in each pair: (a) HNO3 or HNO2;(b) H2S or H2O; (c) H2SO4 or H2SeO4; (d) CH3COOH or CCl3COOH.arrow_forward
- What is the conjugate acid of each of the following? What is the conjugate Dase of eacn? (a) NH Parts of the formula in your answer are transposed. Your answer appears to be missing a charge. Conjugate acid (b ) (CH₂)₂NH \table[[chemPad, (9) Help], [xlx =larr|l, Greek -],[(CH),NH,N What is the conjugate acid of each of the following? What is the conjugate base or eacn (UTIL SOLES- (a) NH3 Conjugate acid Conjugate base (b) (CH3)2NH Conjugate acid Conjugate base chemPad XX→→ chemPad XX→ NH₂ NH 2 NH4 NH 4 Parts of the formula in your answer are transposed. Your answer appears to be missing a charge. chemPad XX→ (CH4)2NH2 (CH_4)_2NH_2 chemPad XX→= Greek (CH₂)2N (CH_2) 2N Help Greek Help Greek X Help Greek juur Helparrow_forwardHypoglycin A, an amino acid derivative found in unripened lychee, is anacutely toxic compound that produces seizures, coma, and sometimesdeath in undernourished children when ingested on an empty stomach. (a) Draw the neutral, positively charged, and negatively charged forms of hypoglycin A. (b) Which form predominates at pH = 1, 6, and 11? (c) What is the structure of hypoclycin A at its isoelectric point?arrow_forwardWrite equations for the following acid-base reactions. Label the conjugate acids and bases, and show any inductive stabilization. Predict whether the equilibrium favors the reactants or products. Try to do this without using a table of pKa values, (a) CH3CH2OH + CH3NH- (b) F3CCOONa + Br3C¬COOH(c) CH3OH + H2SO4 (d) NaOH + H2S(e) CH3NH3+ + CH3O- (f) BrCH2CH2OH + F3C¬CH2O-(g) NaOCH2CH3 + Cl2CHCH2OH (h) H2Se + NaNH2(i) CH3CHFCOOH + FCH2CH2COO- (j) CF3CH2O- + FCH2CH2OHarrow_forward
- What is the predominant form of A–A–A at pH = 1?arrow_forwardThe following scenes represent three weak acids HA(where AX, Y, or Z) dissolved in water (H₂O is not shown):(a) Rank the acids in order of increasing Kₐ. (b) Rank the acidsin order of increasing pKₐ. (c) Rank the conjugate bases in orderof increasing pK(b). (d) What is the percent dissociation of HX?(e) If equimolar amounts of the sodium salts of the acids (NaX,NaY, and NaZ) were dissolved in water, which solution wouldhave the highest pOH? The lowest pH?arrow_forwardAmmonia (NH3) is a weak base that under acidic conditions becomes protonated to the ammonium ion in thefollowing reaction:NH3 + H+ → NH4 +NH3 freely permeates biological membranes, including thoseof lysosomes. The lysosome is a subcellular organelle witha pH of about 4.5–5.0; the pH of cytoplasm is about 7.0.What is the effect on the pH of the fluid content of lysosomes when cells are exposed to ammonia? Note: Ammonium (NH4 +) does not diffuse freely across membranes.arrow_forward
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