Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
4th Edition
ISBN: 9781305389892
Author: Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan
Publisher: Cengage Learning
expand_more
expand_more
format_list_bulleted
Concept explainers
Videos
Question
Chapter 39, Problem 3ITD
Summary Introduction
To review:
Reviewing the effects of injecting intact ATP (adenosine triphosphate) into the squid axon, which is already on cyanide solution.
Introduction:
The sodium ion channels are present on the plasma membrane of the neuron. These channels make sure that sodium can enter the axon of a neuron through them. They also maintain the different concentration of sodium solution on both sides of the neuron, that is, outside of the neuron has a higher concentration of sodium ions than that of the inside.
Expert Solution & Answer
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solution
Students have asked these similar questions
The giant squid axon has a diameter = 1mm and 1 = 13mm. Compared to a mammalian neuron with a diameter = 1 um and ^ = 0.2mm, which of the following is correct?
graded potentials can generate action potentials in the mammalian axon but not in the squid axon.
graded potential of similar magnitude would result in action potentials with larger amplitude in the mammalian axon
graded potentials of similar magnitude would result in action potentials with larger amplitude in the squid axon
graded potentials of similar magnitude would travel furthest from their point of origin in the mammalian axon
graded potentials of similar magnitude would travel furthest from their point of origin in the squid axon
Three currents are produced by a 56 mV depolarization leading to an action
potential in a squid axon membrane during a voltage clamp experiment as
shown. What is the mechanism underlying the capacitive current?
56 mV Depolarization
Capacitative
current
Late current
Early current
Time (ms)
Opening of Na* channels
Current due to the Na/K*
pump
O Neutralization of the charge on the membrane
Opening of K channels
Membrane
Membeane
current imA/cm potential (mV)
Consider a typical mammalian neuron with all of the appropriate membrane
channels. If you know that neuron is at rest, at a temperature of 37°C and you
know the intracellular and extracellular concentration of the potassium,
which of the following statements is most likely to be true?
a. The equilibrium potential of potassium would be negative if the
concentration of potassium is higher on the inside.
b. The equilibrium potential of potassium would be positive if the
concentration of potassium is higher on the inside
c. The equilibrium potential of potassium cannot be calculated because
the Nernst equation requires that you know the concentration of all
ions
d. The equilibrium potential of potassium be zero if the concentration of
potassium is higher on the outside
e. None of the above
Chapter 39 Solutions
Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 39.1 - Prob. 1SBCh. 39.1 - Prob. 2SBCh. 39.1 - Prob. 3SBCh. 39.2 - Prob. 1SBCh. 39.2 - Prob. 2SBCh. 39.3 - Prob. 1SBCh. 39.3 - Prob. 2SBCh. 39.4 - Prob. 1SBCh. 39 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 39 - Prob. 2TYK
Ch. 39 - An example of a synapse could be the site where:...Ch. 39 - Prob. 4TYKCh. 39 - The major role of the Na+/K+ pump is to: a. cause...Ch. 39 - In the propagation of a nerve impulse: a. the...Ch. 39 - Which of the following does not contribute to...Ch. 39 - Which of the following statements best describes...Ch. 39 - Prob. 9TYKCh. 39 - Prob. 10TYKCh. 39 - Prob. 11TYKCh. 39 - Prob. 12TYKCh. 39 - Prob. 13TYKCh. 39 - Prob. 14TYKCh. 39 - Prob. 15TYKCh. 39 - Prob. 16TYKCh. 39 - You learned in this chapter that Na+/K+ active...Ch. 39 - Prob. 2ITDCh. 39 - Prob. 3ITD
Knowledge Booster
Learn more about
Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biology and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- You learned in this chapter that Na+/K+ active transport pumps in the plasma membrane of the axons are responsible for creating the imbalance between Na+ and K+ inside and outside of the neuron that produces the resting membrane potential. In early research studying the role of ions and the involvement of active transport of ions in neural signaling, investigators used the giant axon of a squid as a model. The diameter of a giant axon is far greater than that of a mammalian axon, which enabled researchers to isolate it easily and use it in in vitro experiments. In one early experiment, researchers investigated the active transport of Na+ out of the axon in response to the presence of cyanide. Experimentally they hooked up a section of axon to a syringe, immersed the axon in artificial seawater, introduced radioactive 22Na (as 22NaCl) into the axon, and then quantified the transport of 22Na out through the axons plasma membrane. The rate of 22Na transport out of the axon was determined by measuring the radioactivity released into the fluid sur- rounding the axon over a period of time. The Figure shows the results of the experiment. What is the effect of cyanide on Na1 transport out of the squid axon? How do the data show the effect? Source: P. C. Caldwell et al. 1960. The effects of injecting energy-rich phosphate compounds on the active transport of ions in the giant axons of Loligo. The Journal of Physiology 152:561590. Cengage Learning 2017arrow_forwardYou are obtaining extracellular recordings from the latetal axons of the earth worm. The distance from the stimulating cathode to the first recording electrode is 60mm and 85mm to the second recording electrode. The time from stimulation to arrival of the action potential at the first recording electrode is 5msec and to the second recording electrode is 10msec. The conduction velocity of this axon would be meters per second. 05 0.2 Ⓒ10 3arrow_forwardFigure 1 shows the action potential graph recorded from a rat neurone and the potential changes obtained from the rat neurone when the concentration of potassium ([K*]out) and calcium ([Ca²+]out) are varied extracellularly in the bathing solution. (i) In the resting state, is the neuronal permeability to potassium more than, less than or equal to that of the permeability to calcium? Explain your answer. (ii) Vm 'The calcium ion concentrations are lower inside the cell than outside.' Justify this statement based on the graphs and the Nernst equation assuming the temperature is at 25 °C. Vm 30 0 -30 30 0- -30 0 50 AP overshoot [K+ lout 100 150 time (msec) 30 RP Figure 1 0- -30 AP overshoot RP 200 250 AP overshoot {Ca²+ Jout RParrow_forward
- The membrane potential in animal cells, but not in plants, depends largely on resting K+ channels. How do these channels contribute to the resting membrane potential? Why are these channels considered to be nongated channels? How do these channels achieve selectivity for K+ versus Na+, which is smaller than K+?arrow_forwardWhich of the following statements best describes the features of voltage-gated K+ channels? They consist of 4 subunits, are activated at the same time as voltage-gated Na+ channels, but do not inactivate. They consist of 4 subunits, are activated by depolarisation and close slowly during the refractory period. They have 24 membrane spanning alpha helices, 4 of which have positively charged amino acids which promote a conformational change in the channel following depolarisation. They consist of 4 subunits and are open at rest which causes the resting membrane potential to be close to the K+ equilibrium potential.arrow_forwardChoose all that apply [Na*] + [K'] | + + + + This diagram is a drawing of normal conditions that occur in a neuron's axon (not all details are included). This stage that a living neuron would be in, would show that no positive ions are inside the cell current is traveling down the axon the cell will be at rest once the Na ions enter the cell the cell is at rest Na ions are predominantly outside the celarrow_forward
- apucreceptors ava ble at the synapse are reflected in this number. Question 2: In this chapter, we discussed a GABA-gated ion channel that is permeable to Cl. GABA also activates a G-protein-coupled receptor called the GABA receptor, which causes potassium-selective B channels to open. What effect would GABAB receptor activation have on the membrane potential? GABAB receptor activation causes potassium-selective channels to open. As a result this bringhs thearrow_forwardWeaver mice have difficulty maintaining posture and moving normally. This defect has been attributed to a defect in some potassium channels that allows Na+ as well as K+ to pass through the channel. Increasing the sodium permeability will have what effect on the membrane potential of the neuron? The membrane potential will become more negative There will be no change in membrane potential There is not enough information to answer this question The membrane potential will become less negativearrow_forwardFill in the diagram, your illustration should demonstrate for each phase of the AP: 1. The relative concentration of K and Na 2. The relative voltage across the membrane 3. Any movement across the membrane of K and NA 4. The three kinds of channels in the membrane, and their state (open or closed) 5. Finally, indicate on the graph of the AP which phases correspond to hyper- polarization and which phases correspond to de- polarization Outside Outside Inside Inside Outside Inside Outside 1 Outside Inside Insidearrow_forward
- The venom of many cobras contains a potent neurotoxin that binds to ligand-gated Na+ channels,causing them to open. Unlike ACh, which binds to and then rapidly unbinds from ligand-gated Na+ channels, the neurotoxin tends to remain bound to ligand-gated Na+ channels. How does this neurotoxin affect the nervous system’s ability to stimulate skeletal muscle contraction? How does it affect the ability of skeletal muscle fibers to respond to stimulation?arrow_forwardIn an experiment, the extracellular [Na+] surrounding a nerve cell was reduced from 145 to 45 mM. Which of the following is the most likely effect of this on action potentials? No action potentials would occur because the concentration of extracellular Na+ is too low. The membrane potential would become more negative so the threshold for action potential generation could not be reached. The nerve cell would still produce an action potential but its amplitude would be reduced and the depolarisation phase would be slower. The nerve cell would still produce an action potential but its amplitude would be reduced and the depolarization phase would be more rapid.arrow_forwardTransient receptor potential (TRP) channels are ion channels found on animal cells. Some TRP channels are activated by spice molecules, such as garlic, chilli pepper, and wasabi. To study the effects of raw and cooked garlic on the opening of TRP channels, researchers isolated 10 neurons containing the TRP channels. Droplets of raw garlic extract were added to five of the neurons, and droplets of cooked garlic extract were added to the remaining five neurons. Both groups of neurons were monitored to see whether the channels were opening in response to the different types of garlic extracts. TRP channels were activated and opened in the neurons treated with raw garlic extract but not in the neurons treated with cooked garlic. Identify the manipulated, responding, and controlled variables in the experiment described above. Types of Variables Manipulated Responding Controlled Number: Answer Answer Answer Answer Variable: Number of extract droplets Number of neurons Addition…arrow_forward
arrow_back_ios
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
arrow_forward_ios
Recommended textbooks for you
Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)BiologyISBN:9781305389892Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillanPublisher:Cengage Learning
Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems (MindTap ...BiologyISBN:9781285866932Author:Lauralee SherwoodPublisher:Cengage Learning
Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
Biology
ISBN:9781305389892
Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems (MindTap ...
Biology
ISBN:9781285866932
Author:Lauralee Sherwood
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Intro to Cell Signaling; Author: Amoeba Sisters;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dbRterutHY;License: Standard youtube license