Biology (MindTap Course List)
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781337392938
Author: Eldra Solomon, Charles Martin, Diana W. Martin, Linda R. Berg
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 41, Problem 10TYU
Summary Introduction
To describe: The fact that acetylcholine has an excitatory effect on skeletal system but an inhibitory effect on cardiac system by the help of a hypothesis.
Introduction: Neural transmission takes place by an efficient system which is nervous system. The information is taken up by the neurons that transmit the information to the brain for interpretation and then responds. The information is described in the form of stimuli that is detected by neural receptors.
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fromthe Brain Stom
33.
Acetylcholine (Ach) is the neurotransmitter at the neuro-muscular junction. The
motor neuron releases Ach which diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to Ach-
receptors (called nicotinic-receptors) on the post-synaptic muscle cell. Ach-
receptor-blockers keep the Ach from binding to the nicotinic-receptors and
therefore, block the action potential from occurring in the muscle-cell. This is the
mode of inhibiting and paralyzing the skeletal muscles during surgery. Why might
this be useful and necessary?
a. without the Ach-receptor blocker the spinal-reflexes would cause the body to
respond to the surgeons' knife.
b. the ACh-receptor blocker is used to disable the motor cortex
c. the ACh-receptor blocker completely inhibits the sympatheticand
parasympathetic nervous systems, allowing the medical team to control all
fundamental physiologic systems.
d. the Ach-receptor blocker is used to disable the sensory cortex.
piling the
a Somatosons
b. Sym
ussystom
Exercise 20: The Autonomic Nervous System
6. The following chart states a number of characteristics. Use a check mark to show which
division of the autonomic nervous system is involved in each.
Sympathetic
Characteristic
Parasympathetic
division
division
Postganglionic axons secrete
norepinephrine; adrenergic fibers
Postganglionic axons secrete
acetylcholine; cholinergic fibers
Long preganglionic axon; short
postganglionic axon
Short preganglionic axon; long
postganglionic axon
Arises from cranial and sacral nerves
Arises from spinal nerves T; through La
Normally in control
"Fight-or-flight" system
Has more specific effects
Has rami communicantes
Has extensive branching of preganglionic
axons
shot on moto g stylus (2021)
Apr 24, 2022,
TS
Insert
03 PM
F12
PrtSc
1. What could you correctly say about the Bundle of His?
a. Changes in its rhythm of firing would be classified as dromotropic effects
b. Cells within it rely on calcium-induced calcium release
c. Cells within it would participate in inotropic effects
d. Cells within it make force
2. Which of the following is/are true regarding all of the action potentials that we have learned about in class thus far? (Hint - the 3 types are neuronal, ventricular, nodal)
a. They all have the fast inward sodium current that is responsible for initial depolarization
b. They all carry a calcium current
c. They all last over 100ms
d. They all have a repolarizing potassium current
e. All answers are true
Chapter 41 Solutions
Biology (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 41.1 - Describe the processes involved in neural...Ch. 41.1 - Prob. 1CCh. 41.1 - Prob. 2CCh. 41.2 - Draw and label a typical neuron and give the...Ch. 41.2 - Prob. 3LOCh. 41.2 - Prob. 1CCh. 41.2 - Prob. 2CCh. 41.2 - Prob. 3CCh. 41.3 - Prob. 4LOCh. 41.3 - Prob. 5LO
Ch. 41.3 - Prob. 6LOCh. 41.3 - Prob. 1CCh. 41.3 - Prob. 2CCh. 41.3 - Prob. 3CCh. 41.3 - Prob. 4CCh. 41.4 - Prob. 7LOCh. 41.4 - Prob. 8LOCh. 41.4 - Prob. 9LOCh. 41.4 - Prob. 1CCh. 41.4 - Prob. 2CCh. 41.4 - How are EPSPs produced? IPSPs?Ch. 41.5 - Prob. 10LOCh. 41.5 - Prob. 1CCh. 41.5 - Prob. 2CCh. 41.5 - Prob. 3CCh. 41.6 - Prob. 11LOCh. 41.6 - Prob. 1CCh. 41 - Test Your Understanding Know and Comprehend 1....Ch. 41 - Prob. 2TYUCh. 41 - Test Your Understanding Know and Comprehend 3....Ch. 41 - Saltatory conduction (a) requires more energy than...Ch. 41 - Receptors for serotonin and many other...Ch. 41 - A presynaptic neuron in the cerebrum transmits...Ch. 41 - VISUALIZE Describe the action taking place at each...Ch. 41 - Prob. 8TYUCh. 41 - Prob. 9TYUCh. 41 - Prob. 10TYUCh. 41 - Prob. 11TYUCh. 41 - Prob. 12TYUCh. 41 - Prob. 13TYU
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- Action potentials occur when ________ a. a neuron receives adequate stimulation b. more and more sodium gates open c. sodium-potassium pumps kick into action d. both a and barrow_forwardEvery skeletal muscle fiber is supplied by a motor neuron at the NMJ. Watch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/skelmuscfiber) to learn more about what happens at the neuromuscular junction. (a) What is the definition of a motor unit? (b) What is the structural and functional difference between a large motor unit and a small motor unit? Can you give an example of each? (c) Why is the neurotransmitter acetylcholine degraded after binding to its receptor?arrow_forwardThe muscle relaxes if no new nerve signal arrives. However the neurotransmitter from the previous stimulation is still present in the synapse The activity of helps to remove this neurotransmitter. myosin action potential tropomyosin acetylcholinesterasearrow_forward
- Skeletal muscles are controlled by _________ a. sympathetic neurons b. parasympathetic neurons c. somatic nerves d. both a and barrow_forwardSkeletal muscles are controlled by ______ . a. sympathetic neurons b. parasympathetic neurons c. somatic motor neuron d. somatic sensory neuronsarrow_forwardWhich of the following statements best describes saltatory conduction? a. It inhibits direct neurotransmitter release. b. It transmits the action potential at the nodes of Ranvier andthus speeds up impulses on myelinated axons. c. It increases neurotransmitter release at the presynapticmembrane. d. It decreases neurotransmitter uptake at chemically gatedpostsynaptic channels. e. It removes neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft.arrow_forward
- Visit this site (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/neurolab) to see a virtual neurophysiology lab, and to observe electrophysiological processes in the nervous system, where scientists directly measure the electrical signals produced by neurons. Often, the action potentials occur so rapidly that watching a screen to see them occur is not helpful. A speaker is powered by the signals recorded from a neuron and it pops each time the neuron fires an action potential. These action potentials are firing so fast that it sounds like static on the radio. Electrophysiologists can recognize the patterns within that static to understand what is happening. Why is the leech model used for measuring the electrical activity of neurons instead of using humans?arrow_forwardy "w termta. 3. Increasing the temperature of the Ringer's solution bathing the frog heart will (decrease / increase / have no effect on) the heart rate of the frog. 4. Decreasing the temperature of the Ringer's solution bathing the frog heart will (decrease / increase / have no effect on) the heart rate of the frog. PhysioEx Ex. 6 – Activity 4 1. What effect would a parasympathetic agonist have on heart rate? 2. What effect would a parasympathetic antagonist have on heart rate? 3. What two effects would a sympathetic agonist have on heart rate? 4. What two effects would a sympathetic antagonist have on heart rate? 5. In this lab you applied several drugs to a frog heart. What drug might you administer if you need to increase cardiac output without affecting stroke volume*? 6. In this lab you applied several drugs to a frog heart. What drug might you administer if you need to decrease cardiac output without affecting stroke volume? 7. In this lab you applied several drugs to a frog…arrow_forwardMatching (may not use all choices; may use some choices more than once) 45. Sección Release of inhibitory neurotransmitter 46. Decreased concentration of leaky sodium channels in the membrane Arsenic poisoning prevents mitochondria from making ATP 47. 48. Extreme sodium deficiency 49. Acetylcholinesterase concentration is decreased 50. Overdose of Potassium Chloride 51. Increased concentration of leaky potassium channels in the membrane Salto de columna A. Makes RMP more negative B. Makes RMP less negativearrow_forward
- tab LL What is the relationship between action potential conduction velocity and axonal diameter? O a. Action potential conduction velocity decreases with increasing axonal diameter O b. Action potential conduction velocity increases with decreasing axonal diameter Oc. Action potential conduction velocity increases with increasing axonal diameter O d. There is no relationship between the action potential conduction velocity and the axonal diameter esc QUESTION 9 It QUESTION 10 The movement of what ion occurs in the rising phase of the action potential? O a. Inward Na+ O b. Outward K OC. Outward Nat Od. Inward K QUESTION 11 Click Save and Submit to save and submit. Click Save All Answers to save all answers. Type here to search ! 1 ? Q @ 2 W # * 3 E f4 $ IOI 4 H fs % R LO 5 16 10 T (O 6 4- & 7 Y 18 Uarrow_forwardEvents Leading to the Release of a Neurotransmitter 1. Action potential passes along an axon and over the surface of its synaptic knob. 2. Synaptic knob membrane becomes more permeable to calcium ions, and they diffuse inward. 3. In the presence of calcium ions, synaptic vesicles fuse to synaptic knob membrane. 4. Synaptic vesicles release their neurotransmitter into synaptic cleft.arrow_forwardneurotransmitters 1 In what way may drugs be used to affect neurotransmitters? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. A drug may prevent the binding of a neurotransmitterto a receptor. b, A drug may increase the amount of neurotransmitter released. A drug may prevent the release of aneurotransmitter, d. A drug may affect the degradation of a neurotransmitter Drugemay affect neurotranemitters usng al of the mechanismslsted. Unansweredarrow_forward
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