Biofuels A lot of energy is locked up in the chemical bonds of molecules made by plants. That energy can fuel consumers, as when an animal cell powers ATP synthesis by aerobic respiration. It can also fuel our cars, which run on energy released by burning biofuels or fossil fuels. Both processes are fundamentally the same: They release energy by breaking the bonds of organic molecules. Both use oxygen to break those bonds, and both produce carbon dioxide. Unlike fossil fuels, biofuels are a renewable source of energy: We can always make more of them simply by growing more plants. Also unlike fossil fuels, biofuels do not contribute to global climate change, because growing plant matter for fuel recycles carbon that is already in the atmosphere. Corn, soy, sugarcane, and other food crops are rich in oils, starches, and sugars that can be easily converted to biofuels. The starch in corn kernels, for example, can be enzymatically broken down to glucose, which is fermented to ethanol by bacteria or yeast. However, growing food crops for biofuel production typically requires a lot of energy (in the form of fossil fuels) and it damages the environment. Making biofuels from other plant matter such as weeds or agricultural waste requires additional steps, because these materials contain a higher proportion of cellulose. Breaking down this tough carbohydrate to its glucose monomers adds cost to the biofuel product. In 2006, David Tilman and his colleagues published the results of a 10-year study comparing the net energy output of various biofuels. The researchers made biofuel from a mixture of native perennial grasses grown without irrigation, fertilizer, pesticides, or herbicides, in sandy soil that was so depleted by intensive agriculture that it had been abandoned. The energy content of this biofuel and the energy it took to produce it were measured and compared with that of biofuels made from food crops (Figure 5.16). About how much energy did ethanol produced from one hectare of corn yield? How much energy did it take to grow and produce that ethanol?

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Answer 1

Textbook Question

Chapter 5, Problem 1DID

Biofuels

A lot of energy is locked up in the chemical bonds of molecules made by plants. That energy can fuel consumers, as when an animal cell powers ATP synthesis by aerobic respiration. It can also fuel our cars, which run on energy released by burning biofuels or fossil fuels. Both processes are fundamentally the same: They release energy by breaking the bonds of organic molecules. Both use oxygen to break those bonds, and both produce carbon dioxide. Unlike fossil fuels, biofuels are a renewable source of energy: We can always make more of them simply by growing more plants. Also unlike fossil fuels, biofuels do not contribute to global climate change, because growing plant matter for fuel recycles carbon that is already in the atmosphere.

Corn, soy, sugarcane, and other food crops are rich in oils, starches, and sugars that can be easily converted to biofuels. The starch in corn kernels, for example, can be enzymatically broken down to glucose, which is fermented to ethanol by bacteria or yeast. However, growing food crops for biofuel production typically requires a lot of energy (in the form of fossil fuels) and it damages the environment. Making biofuels from other plant matter such as weeds or agricultural waste requires additional steps, because these materials contain a higher proportion of cellulose. Breaking down this tough carbohydrate to its glucose monomers adds cost to the biofuel product.

In 2006, David Tilman and his colleagues published the results of a 10-year study comparing the net energy output of various biofuels. The researchers made biofuel from a mixture of native perennial grasses grown without irrigation, fertilizer, pesticides, or herbicides, in sandy soil that was so depleted by intensive agriculture that it had been abandoned. The energy content of this biofuel and the energy it took to produce it were measured and compared with that of biofuels made from food crops (Figure 5.16).

Chapter 5, Problem 1DID, Biofuels A lot of energy is locked up in the chemical bonds of molecules made by plants. That energy

About how much energy did ethanol produced from one hectare of corn yield? How much energy did it take to grow and produce that ethanol?

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

To determine: How much energy did the ethanol produced from one hectare of corn yield and how much energy did it took to grow the corn.

Concept introduction:The plants and other organic material other than fossils can also be used as a source of energy. The oils, gases, and alcohols made from these materials are called biofuels. Corn and other food crops are rich in oils, starches, and sugars that can be easily converted into biofuels.

Explanation of Solution

The researcher D and his colleagues studied for 10 years and compared the net energy output of various biofuels. The researcher grew a mixture of native perennial grasses, corn, and soy. The grasses grew without irrigation, fertilizer, and pesticides in sandy soil. The usable energy in biofuel (grasses, corn, and soy) is measured along with the energy it took to grow.

Refer to Fig. 6.1 “Energy inputs and outputs of biofuels made from three different crops” in the question. The graph plot shows the energy per hectare versus the ratio of energy output to input of the three different biofuels.

The graph shows the ethanol obtained from one hectare of corn produced 23 × 106 kcal of energy and it required 18 × 106 kcal growing the corn.

Conclusion

The ethanol from one hectare of corn produced approximately 23 × 10⁶ kcal. It took approximately 18 × 10⁶ kcal energy to grow the corn that was used to make the ethanol.

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Students have asked these similar questions

Light is a form of electromagnetic energy. The electromagnetic spectrum is made of various forms of electromagnetic energy, such as x-rays, UV, and microwaves. Visible light is used in photosynthesis. What is visible light? How are energy and wavelength related to each other? The overall goal of photosynthesis is to make harness the energy of the sun and store it in the chemical bonds of “food.” In your own words describe the goals of the two sets of reactions of photosynthesis: a.The goal of the light reactions b. The goal of the Calvin cycle

Most agricultural societies have developed ways to ferment the sugars in barley, wheat, rice, corn or fruit to produce alcoholic beverages. Historians argue that this was an effective way for farmers to preserve the chemical energy in grains and fruits in a form that would not be eaten by rats or spoiled by bacteria or fungus. Today, a great deal of interest has been regenerated in harvesting this energy in plant sugar as ethanol. Why does a great deal of chemical energy remain in the products of fermentation? Fermentation products like ethanol still contains some C-H bonds that can be reduced. Fermentation products like ethanol still contains some C-O bonds that can be oxidized. Fermentation products like ethanol still contains some C-H bonds that can be oxidized. Fermentation products like ethanol still contains some C-O bonds that can be reduced.

Which of the types of energy is NOT one a part of energy transformation chain during respiration and photosynthesis? mechanical energy- kinetic energy of moving objects nuclear energy - energy released during radioactive decay chemical energy - energy released when the products of a reaction have a lower free energy than the reactants potential energy stored in a gradient of concentration

Answer 2

Textbook Question

Chapter 5, Problem 1DID

Biofuels

A lot of energy is locked up in the chemical bonds of molecules made by plants. That energy can fuel consumers, as when an animal cell powers ATP synthesis by aerobic respiration. It can also fuel our cars, which run on energy released by burning biofuels or fossil fuels. Both processes are fundamentally the same: They release energy by breaking the bonds of organic molecules. Both use oxygen to break those bonds, and both produce carbon dioxide. Unlike fossil fuels, biofuels are a renewable source of energy: We can always make more of them simply by growing more plants. Also unlike fossil fuels, biofuels do not contribute to global climate change, because growing plant matter for fuel recycles carbon that is already in the atmosphere.

Corn, soy, sugarcane, and other food crops are rich in oils, starches, and sugars that can be easily converted to biofuels. The starch in corn kernels, for example, can be enzymatically broken down to glucose, which is fermented to ethanol by bacteria or yeast. However, growing food crops for biofuel production typically requires a lot of energy (in the form of fossil fuels) and it damages the environment. Making biofuels from other plant matter such as weeds or agricultural waste requires additional steps, because these materials contain a higher proportion of cellulose. Breaking down this tough carbohydrate to its glucose monomers adds cost to the biofuel product.

In 2006, David Tilman and his colleagues published the results of a 10-year study comparing the net energy output of various biofuels. The researchers made biofuel from a mixture of native perennial grasses grown without irrigation, fertilizer, pesticides, or herbicides, in sandy soil that was so depleted by intensive agriculture that it had been abandoned. The energy content of this biofuel and the energy it took to produce it were measured and compared with that of biofuels made from food crops (Figure 5.16).

Chapter 5, Problem 1DID, Biofuels A lot of energy is locked up in the chemical bonds of molecules made by plants. That energy

About how much energy did ethanol produced from one hectare of corn yield? How much energy did it take to grow and produce that ethanol?

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

To determine: How much energy did the ethanol produced from one hectare of corn yield and how much energy did it took to grow the corn.

Concept introduction:The plants and other organic material other than fossils can also be used as a source of energy. The oils, gases, and alcohols made from these materials are called biofuels. Corn and other food crops are rich in oils, starches, and sugars that can be easily converted into biofuels.

Explanation of Solution

The researcher D and his colleagues studied for 10 years and compared the net energy output of various biofuels. The researcher grew a mixture of native perennial grasses, corn, and soy. The grasses grew without irrigation, fertilizer, and pesticides in sandy soil. The usable energy in biofuel (grasses, corn, and soy) is measured along with the energy it took to grow.

Refer to Fig. 6.1 “Energy inputs and outputs of biofuels made from three different crops” in the question. The graph plot shows the energy per hectare versus the ratio of energy output to input of the three different biofuels.

The graph shows the ethanol obtained from one hectare of corn produced 23 × 106 kcal of energy and it required 18 × 106 kcal growing the corn.

Conclusion

The ethanol from one hectare of corn produced approximately 23 × 10⁶ kcal. It took approximately 18 × 10⁶ kcal energy to grow the corn that was used to make the ethanol.

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Answer 3

Textbook Question

Chapter 5, Problem 1DID

Biofuels

A lot of energy is locked up in the chemical bonds of molecules made by plants. That energy can fuel consumers, as when an animal cell powers ATP synthesis by aerobic respiration. It can also fuel our cars, which run on energy released by burning biofuels or fossil fuels. Both processes are fundamentally the same: They release energy by breaking the bonds of organic molecules. Both use oxygen to break those bonds, and both produce carbon dioxide. Unlike fossil fuels, biofuels are a renewable source of energy: We can always make more of them simply by growing more plants. Also unlike fossil fuels, biofuels do not contribute to global climate change, because growing plant matter for fuel recycles carbon that is already in the atmosphere.

Corn, soy, sugarcane, and other food crops are rich in oils, starches, and sugars that can be easily converted to biofuels. The starch in corn kernels, for example, can be enzymatically broken down to glucose, which is fermented to ethanol by bacteria or yeast. However, growing food crops for biofuel production typically requires a lot of energy (in the form of fossil fuels) and it damages the environment. Making biofuels from other plant matter such as weeds or agricultural waste requires additional steps, because these materials contain a higher proportion of cellulose. Breaking down this tough carbohydrate to its glucose monomers adds cost to the biofuel product.

In 2006, David Tilman and his colleagues published the results of a 10-year study comparing the net energy output of various biofuels. The researchers made biofuel from a mixture of native perennial grasses grown without irrigation, fertilizer, pesticides, or herbicides, in sandy soil that was so depleted by intensive agriculture that it had been abandoned. The energy content of this biofuel and the energy it took to produce it were measured and compared with that of biofuels made from food crops (Figure 5.16).

Chapter 5, Problem 1DID, Biofuels A lot of energy is locked up in the chemical bonds of molecules made by plants. That energy

About how much energy did ethanol produced from one hectare of corn yield? How much energy did it take to grow and produce that ethanol?

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

To determine: How much energy did the ethanol produced from one hectare of corn yield and how much energy did it took to grow the corn.

Concept introduction:The plants and other organic material other than fossils can also be used as a source of energy. The oils, gases, and alcohols made from these materials are called biofuels. Corn and other food crops are rich in oils, starches, and sugars that can be easily converted into biofuels.

Explanation of Solution

The researcher D and his colleagues studied for 10 years and compared the net energy output of various biofuels. The researcher grew a mixture of native perennial grasses, corn, and soy. The grasses grew without irrigation, fertilizer, and pesticides in sandy soil. The usable energy in biofuel (grasses, corn, and soy) is measured along with the energy it took to grow.

Refer to Fig. 6.1 “Energy inputs and outputs of biofuels made from three different crops” in the question. The graph plot shows the energy per hectare versus the ratio of energy output to input of the three different biofuels.

The graph shows the ethanol obtained from one hectare of corn produced 23 × 106 kcal of energy and it required 18 × 106 kcal growing the corn.

Conclusion

The ethanol from one hectare of corn produced approximately 23 × 10⁶ kcal. It took approximately 18 × 10⁶ kcal energy to grow the corn that was used to make the ethanol.

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Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 4

Textbook Question

Chapter 5, Problem 1DID

Biofuels

A lot of energy is locked up in the chemical bonds of molecules made by plants. That energy can fuel consumers, as when an animal cell powers ATP synthesis by aerobic respiration. It can also fuel our cars, which run on energy released by burning biofuels or fossil fuels. Both processes are fundamentally the same: They release energy by breaking the bonds of organic molecules. Both use oxygen to break those bonds, and both produce carbon dioxide. Unlike fossil fuels, biofuels are a renewable source of energy: We can always make more of them simply by growing more plants. Also unlike fossil fuels, biofuels do not contribute to global climate change, because growing plant matter for fuel recycles carbon that is already in the atmosphere.

Corn, soy, sugarcane, and other food crops are rich in oils, starches, and sugars that can be easily converted to biofuels. The starch in corn kernels, for example, can be enzymatically broken down to glucose, which is fermented to ethanol by bacteria or yeast. However, growing food crops for biofuel production typically requires a lot of energy (in the form of fossil fuels) and it damages the environment. Making biofuels from other plant matter such as weeds or agricultural waste requires additional steps, because these materials contain a higher proportion of cellulose. Breaking down this tough carbohydrate to its glucose monomers adds cost to the biofuel product.

In 2006, David Tilman and his colleagues published the results of a 10-year study comparing the net energy output of various biofuels. The researchers made biofuel from a mixture of native perennial grasses grown without irrigation, fertilizer, pesticides, or herbicides, in sandy soil that was so depleted by intensive agriculture that it had been abandoned. The energy content of this biofuel and the energy it took to produce it were measured and compared with that of biofuels made from food crops (Figure 5.16).

Chapter 5, Problem 1DID, Biofuels A lot of energy is locked up in the chemical bonds of molecules made by plants. That energy

About how much energy did ethanol produced from one hectare of corn yield? How much energy did it take to grow and produce that ethanol?

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

To determine: How much energy did the ethanol produced from one hectare of corn yield and how much energy did it took to grow the corn.

Concept introduction:The plants and other organic material other than fossils can also be used as a source of energy. The oils, gases, and alcohols made from these materials are called biofuels. Corn and other food crops are rich in oils, starches, and sugars that can be easily converted into biofuels.

Explanation of Solution

The researcher D and his colleagues studied for 10 years and compared the net energy output of various biofuels. The researcher grew a mixture of native perennial grasses, corn, and soy. The grasses grew without irrigation, fertilizer, and pesticides in sandy soil. The usable energy in biofuel (grasses, corn, and soy) is measured along with the energy it took to grow.

Refer to Fig. 6.1 “Energy inputs and outputs of biofuels made from three different crops” in the question. The graph plot shows the energy per hectare versus the ratio of energy output to input of the three different biofuels.

The graph shows the ethanol obtained from one hectare of corn produced 23 × 106 kcal of energy and it required 18 × 106 kcal growing the corn.

Conclusion

The ethanol from one hectare of corn produced approximately 23 × 10⁶ kcal. It took approximately 18 × 10⁶ kcal energy to grow the corn that was used to make the ethanol.

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Answer 5

Textbook Question

Answer 6

Textbook Question

Answer 7

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

To determine: How much energy did the ethanol produced from one hectare of corn yield and how much energy did it took to grow the corn.

Concept introduction:The plants and other organic material other than fossils can also be used as a source of energy. The oils, gases, and alcohols made from these materials are called biofuels. Corn and other food crops are rich in oils, starches, and sugars that can be easily converted into biofuels.

Explanation of Solution

The researcher D and his colleagues studied for 10 years and compared the net energy output of various biofuels. The researcher grew a mixture of native perennial grasses, corn, and soy. The grasses grew without irrigation, fertilizer, and pesticides in sandy soil. The usable energy in biofuel (grasses, corn, and soy) is measured along with the energy it took to grow.

Refer to Fig. 6.1 “Energy inputs and outputs of biofuels made from three different crops” in the question. The graph plot shows the energy per hectare versus the ratio of energy output to input of the three different biofuels.

The graph shows the ethanol obtained from one hectare of corn produced 23 × 106 kcal of energy and it required 18 × 106 kcal growing the corn.

Conclusion

The ethanol from one hectare of corn produced approximately 23 × 10⁶ kcal. It took approximately 18 × 10⁶ kcal energy to grow the corn that was used to make the ethanol.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

To determine: How much energy did the ethanol produced from one hectare of corn yield and how much energy did it took to grow the corn.

Concept introduction:The plants and other organic material other than fossils can also be used as a source of energy. The oils, gases, and alcohols made from these materials are called biofuels. Corn and other food crops are rich in oils, starches, and sugars that can be easily converted into biofuels.

Explanation of Solution

The researcher D and his colleagues studied for 10 years and compared the net energy output of various biofuels. The researcher grew a mixture of native perennial grasses, corn, and soy. The grasses grew without irrigation, fertilizer, and pesticides in sandy soil. The usable energy in biofuel (grasses, corn, and soy) is measured along with the energy it took to grow.

Refer to Fig. 6.1 “Energy inputs and outputs of biofuels made from three different crops” in the question. The graph plot shows the energy per hectare versus the ratio of energy output to input of the three different biofuels.

The graph shows the ethanol obtained from one hectare of corn produced 23 × 106 kcal of energy and it required 18 × 106 kcal growing the corn.

Conclusion

The ethanol from one hectare of corn produced approximately 23 × 10⁶ kcal. It took approximately 18 × 10⁶ kcal energy to grow the corn that was used to make the ethanol.

Answer 9

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 10

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 11

Summary Introduction

To determine: How much energy did the ethanol produced from one hectare of corn yield and how much energy did it took to grow the corn.

Concept introduction:The plants and other organic material other than fossils can also be used as a source of energy. The oils, gases, and alcohols made from these materials are called biofuels. Corn and other food crops are rich in oils, starches, and sugars that can be easily converted into biofuels.

Answer 12

Explanation of Solution

The researcher D and his colleagues studied for 10 years and compared the net energy output of various biofuels. The researcher grew a mixture of native perennial grasses, corn, and soy. The grasses grew without irrigation, fertilizer, and pesticides in sandy soil. The usable energy in biofuel (grasses, corn, and soy) is measured along with the energy it took to grow.

Refer to Fig. 6.1 “Energy inputs and outputs of biofuels made from three different crops” in the question. The graph plot shows the energy per hectare versus the ratio of energy output to input of the three different biofuels.

The graph shows the ethanol obtained from one hectare of corn produced 23 × 106 kcal of energy and it required 18 × 106 kcal growing the corn.

Answer 13

Conclusion

The ethanol from one hectare of corn produced approximately 23 × 10⁶ kcal. It took approximately 18 × 10⁶ kcal energy to grow the corn that was used to make the ethanol.

Answer 14

Ch. 5 - Biofuels A lot of energy is locked up in the...Ch. 5 - Biofuels A lot of energy is locked up in the...Ch. 5 - Biofuels A lot of energy is locked up in the...Ch. 5 - Most of the carbon that land plants use for...Ch. 5 - Prob. 2SQ Ch. 5 - Which of the following statements is incorrect? a....Ch. 5 - Prob. 4SQ Ch. 5 - Prob. 5SQ Ch. 5 - Prob. 6SQ Ch. 5 - Prob. 7SQ

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