1 what is the net reaction of the citric acid cycle for a single acetyl coenzyme A molecule? what are each of the products used for?
Q: ½ O₂ + 2H+ +2 e → H₂O FAD + 2H+ + 2e → FADH₂ E'º = 0.816V E'º = -0.219V Calculate the AG" of the…
A: Biological oxidation-reduction reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one biomolecule,…
Q: Use a schematic diagram to briefly summarize the steps taken during the separation, isolation, and…
A: Milk is the secretion of fluid from the mammary gland, the full cream milk is composed of ~54.5%…
Q: Give biosynthesis of flavonoids by acetate pathway.
A: Flavonoids are polyphenolic secondary metabolites which is produced in plants and consumed by…
Q: Complete the balanced equation for the overall reaction by selecting an answer choice in the…
A: Since you have posted multiple questions, we will provide the solution only to the first question as…
Q: Defects in the Citrate Cycle are rare but have been described. Based on the level of metabolites…
A: Glycolysis consists of 10 enzymatically catalysed reactions that convert one 6-carbon molecule of…
Q: Which of the following statements concerning D-glucose in INCORRECT? O a. It is a monosaccharide. O…
A: Carbohydrates or carbs are maconutrient consisting of Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms. In nature…
Q: Coupling ATP hydrolysis to glucose phosphorylation makes thermodynamic sense, but consider how the…
A: The two individual reactions i.e. glucose phosphorylation and ATP hydrolysis is given below, along…
Q: Experiment: DNA Extraction from Banana The procedures are attached below. Questions: 1. What does…
A: DNA extraction is a method to obtain the purified chunk of DNA molecule from the mixture. It can be…
Q: Which of the following about the splicing in posttranscriptional processing is NOT true? O a. O b. O…
A: As per the central dogma of molecular biology, genetic information is stored in the DNA. The genetic…
Q: Scheme of galactose catabolism. Enzymopathies
A: Galactose (Gal), also known as "milk sugar," is a monosaccharide sugar that is about as sweet as…
Q: Can human digest this trisaccharide?What bond is it between sugar B and sugar C?(be specific)
A: Chemically carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones. They have the general formula :…
Q: true or false: Ribonucleotide reductase reduces a NDP to a dNDP using electrons originating from…
A: Ribonucleotide reductase is an enzyme which is involved the catalysis of formation of…
Q: In active muscle cells, the pO2 is about 10 torr at the cell surface and 1 torr at the mitochondria…
A: Fractional saturation (Y) is the fraction of protein that is ligand bound. Y= moles of…
Q: What is the direct source of energy that powers molecular motors? proton gradient H+ gradient…
A: Molecular motors are proteins that generate motion within the cell for various activities like…
Q: Virtually all animal cells have a Na+/K+ pump. Which of the following statements concerning it is…
A: Enzymes are highly specialized proteins that have extraordinary catalytic power, greater than that…
Q: In an immunoassay, antibodies used to recognize and bind to antigens are called primary antibodies…
A: Immunoassays are used to detect the presence of an antigen (or even an antibody). Primary…
Q: Glucagon is a hormone that indicates low blood glucose. A. Where is glucagon generated and released…
A: Carbohydrates that are obtained through the diet are digested into monosaccharides such as glucose…
Q: a) L-fucose is also known as 6-deoxy-L-galactose. Note that D-galactose is a C-4 epimer of…
A: Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones. They can be classified as monosaccharides,…
Q: The drug below is used in the treatment of: O Rheumatoid arthritis. O Gram(+) bacterial infections.…
A: Heterocyclic ring is a ring structure made up of different atoms. Given to us a heterocyclic…
Q: Draw the complete electron pushing mechanism for the reaction.
A: Oxidation of glucose into pyruvate followed by oxidation of pyruvate into acetyl CoA and then…
Q: The presence of insulin causes the activation of phosphoprotein phosphatase. This leads to the and…
A: PFK-2 indirectly regulates the rates of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. PFK-2 catalyzes the…
Q: 5. Consider the oxidation of a mole of NADH using the following half reactions: 12 02 +2e + 2 H+ →…
A: Biological oxidation-reduction reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one biomolecule,…
Q: what is the mechanism by organophospahtes inbibit enymes?
A: Enzymes are highly specialized proteins that have extraordinary catalytic power, greater than that…
Q: A characteristic of complex III is that it is reduced by FADH2. participates in electron transfer…
A: ETC consist of four protein complexes called Complex I, II, III and IV that transport electron…
Q: The activated donor molecule for glycogen synthesis is UDP-glucose. O True O False
A: While glucose serves as the main source of energy, complex (i.e., more than single-celled) organisms…
Q: discuss the G-protein coupled receptors structure and overview of G-protein dependent signaling…
A: G-protein is a GTP binding protein that is found closely associated with the receptor called…
Q: What are the Essential and Non-Essential Amino Acids? Describe each.
A: An amino acid is an organic compound that contains both an amino (-NH2) and carboxylic acid (-COOH)…
Q: true or false: A high dTTP concentration shifts the specificity of ribonucleotide reductase…
A: Ribonuclotide reductase is the enzyme that catalyses the conversion of NTPs to dNTPs. Ribonuclotide…
Q: 2. Scheme of anaerobic oxidation of glucose and energy balance.
A: Organisms that live under anaerobic conditions rely only on glycolysis to generate ATP. Glycolysis…
Q: True or False: Passive-mediated transport proteins lower the delta G of transport to create the…
A: Introduction :- The question is all about transport of molecules by diffusion I. e. Active and…
Q: Which enzyme in PPP creates glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate as a product? (Select all that apply)…
A: Pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) is an anabolic pathway that synthesizes pentose sugars and NADPH…
Q: Two villages depend on agricultural corn as their primary food source. Pellagra, a niacin…
A: Pellagra is a deficiency disorder caused due to lack of niacin in the diet. The disease is more…
Q: Compare and contrast the following. Use you own words and be sure to incorporate key biochemical…
A: Since you have posted multiple questions, we will provide the solution only to the first question as…
Q: can you explain this again in a different way
A: ATP is produced by either substrate-level phosphorylation or oxidative phosphorylation Hydrolysis of…
Q: Given the Fischer projection structure of D-Lasallose below, show the step by step process of…
A: Given to us is a 7 carbon ketose sugar. We can number the carbon atoms as shown below. figure 1 The…
Q: Calculate the number of moles of ATP produced from the complete oxidation of 900 g glucose in the…
A: Glucose that enters the cell produces ATP by respiration. The processes involved are glycolysis,…
Q: What do all fats have in common? A) they all have identical hydrocarbon chains B) they are acidic C)…
A: Lipids are a chemically diverse group of biomolecules that have two things in common: low…
Q: H Overall: R acetone Mechanism Synthesis of Dibenzalacetone. Eto: + Etö: -1 11 benzaldehyde :ÖEt…
A: Definition: Two aldehydes that react in the presence of a base to form a beta-hydroxyaldehyde, which…
Q: Hydrolysis of dodecapeptide P with the enzyme trypsin affords the following fragments: Arg,…
A: Trypsin and chymotrypsin are the proteolytic enzymes that can cleave peptide bonds of proteins with…
Q: Do carbohydrates and sugars cause weight gain? Briefly Explain the answer.
A: Carbohydrates are biomolecules that act as the major source of energy. Sugars are carbohydrates with…
Q: 1 Describe the difference between amylose and amylopectin. 2 what is the monosaccharide that…
A: Chemically, carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones. They have the general formula :…
Q: Hypo and hyperglycemia, causes and consequences
A: The major sugar present in the blood is known as blood sugar or glucose. It originates from the food…
Q: 17. What is the product of hydrolysis of trioleate with NaOH solution? 18. What is the product of…
A: Triacylglycerols are stored form of lipid in the body. A triacyl glycerol molecule is composed of…
Q: Kinesin movement is dependent on GTP hydrolysis. True False
A: Kinesin is a motor protein that is essential for the cellular functions like mitosis, transport of…
Q: In addition to the oxidation of cytochrome c by Comple transport systems, what other reaction is…
A: Introduction The electron transport chain (ETC) is the last part of aerobic respiration. An electron…
Q: The Z-scheme of photosynthesis produces approximately a 3:2 ratio of ATP:NADPH. How does a C4 plant…
A: In chloroplasts, photosynthesis starts when an electron from PSII's (Photosystem II) P680 reaches a…
Q: Classify the diluents use with respect to their osmotic pressure in relation to their contents of…
A: Cell membranes are semipermeable barriers, and osmotic gradients between intracellular and…
Q: Glucagon causes [Select] Glucagon cause [Select] [Select] ✓ [Select] Glucagon causes [Select]…
A: Hormone glucagon is secreted by the pancreas in response to low glucose level. Glucagon primarily…
Q: Serine, cysteine, threonine can participate in hydrogen bonding. Valine cannot. Explain differences…
A: Alpha carbon of amino acids contains amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen atom and side chain…
Q: Purine synthesis begins with the synthesis of IMP. Beginning with IMP, write the step(s) involved in…
A: Purines provide the essential components for DNA and RNA . They act as building blocks for the…
1 what is the net reaction of the citric acid cycle for a single acetyl coenzyme A molecule? what are each of the products used for?
2 in oxidative phosphorylation, what is oxidized and what is phosphorylated?
3 name three types of RNA and briefly descibe how each function
4 the overall structure of DNA is double helical and the bases between each strand form watson- crick base pairs. why does RNA make such different structure give atleast two examples.
5 Draw a generic triacylgylcerol. Use R for the alkyl groups.
Step by step
Solved in 3 steps
- Which of the following statements about the allosteric site is true? a. The allosteric site is a second active site on a substrate in a metabolic pathway. b. The allosteric site on an enzyme can allow the product of a metabolic pathway to inhibit that enzyme and stop the pathway. c. When the allosteric site of an enzyme is occupied, the reaction is irreversible and the enzyme cannot react again. d. An allosteric activator prevents binding at the active site. e. An enzyme that possesses allosteric sites does not possess an active site.What is the role of his 12 in the RNase-catalyzed hydrolysis of RNA, as indicated in the Figure below? 5' His 119 RNA CH₂ H H 3 O Base 1' 12' 8-H His 12 -P-0-CH₂ a Base H H O -0-P=O H OH NH It acts as a general base, abstracting a proton from the 2' hydroxyl in order to increase its nucleophilicity. It forms an H-bond with his119 in order to stabilize the transition state. It donates a proton to improve the quality of the leaving group. It works through concerted general acid-base catalysis with his119 in order to favour the products of the reaction. Two of the above are true.1 is there a positive or negative entropy change in the first step of histidine synthesis? 2 how many 1-carbon transfer reactions occur in the pathway? 3 how many transamination reactions occur in the pathway ? 4 in purine and pyrimidine synthesis , ________ from the_______pathway is activated by _______ 5 which molecule functions as both an amino group donor and acceptor in this pathway ? 6 during the degradation of histidine, the amino acid group will give rise to _______ while the carbon skeleton will give rise to _______ does not need energy. 7 to which chemical messenger will the decarboxylation of histidine give rise?
- 1 In term of the sugar identity , what is the difference between DNA and RNA. 2 What nucleobases are used in DNA? What nucleobases are used in RNA. 3 Draw ATP and abbreviate the nucleobase with A. 4 Draw the synthesis of th edinucleotide formed between ATP and GMP. the 5' triphosphate can be abbreviated, but the monophosphate at the reaction centre should be expanded. NOTE- PLEASE DONOT EXPLAIN TOO MUCH GIVE ANSWER IN SHORT TO TH EPOINT PLEASE.2. Phospholipases (PL) are enzymes that hydrolyzes PLA1 phospholipids into fatty acids and other lipophilic substances. Different class of phospholipase cleaves different bond in a phospholipid molecule. Shown on the right are the cleavage sites of four classes of PL: PLA1, PLA2, PLC, and PLD. R1 R2 -O-P-'·O-R3 (a) Write down the reaction of phosphatidylcholine (PC) cleaved by PLA2. Suppose the two acyl groups are R1 and R2 as shown in the figure. Make sure the chiral carbons in the reactions have the right stereochemistry (i.e., use wedge-dash notation), and the charges on the atoms reflect the molecule in neutral pH. PLA2 PLC PLD (b) Which PL is needed in order to release choline for salvage? (c) What is the structure and name of the remaining molecule after cleaving PC by the PL in (b) and releasing choline. No need to use wedge-dash notation. (d) The molecule in (c) can be used to synthesize triacylglycerol. Write down the reactions, including the enzymes and cofactors. Assume the…2. The mature form of TEM-1 ß-lactamase, an enzyme of 290 amino acid residues that hydrolyzes penicillin antibiotics. The protein has the following polar amino acid side chains: 18 Arg; 11 Lys; 6 His; 4 Tyr; 16 Asp; 20 Glu; 8 Asn; 5 Gln. Approximate pKa values 1.5 Arginine 12.5 Lysine 10.0 Histidine 6.5 OD 280nm Tyrosine 10.0 Aspartate or Glutamate 4.0 Terminal NH3+ 8.0 Terminal COOH 4.0 0.0 A 0.01 0.10 KCI B Volume (mL) The chromatogram above shows a typical result in the purification of TEM-1 ß-lactamase overex- pressed in E. coli cells. The protein is eluted from an anion exchange column at pH 6.25 with an increasing gradient of KCI. Fraction A is shown to correspond to native enzyme. Since Fraction B has the same amino acid sequence for the first 10 residues, the conclusion is that this fraction represents enzyme in which side chains of glutamine or asparagine residues have been hydrolyzed (deamidated). (a) ( ) What is the isoelectric point of the native enzyme? (b) ( ) Compared to…
- 2. The mature form of TEM-1 ß-lactamase, an enzyme of 290 amino acid residues that hydrolyzes penicillin antibiotics. The protein has the following polar amino acid side chains: 18 Arg; 11 Lys; 6 His; 4 Tyr; 16 Asp; 20 Glu; 8 Asn; 5 Gln. Approximate pKa values 1.5 Arginine 12.5 Lysine 10.0 Histidine 6.5 OD 280nm Tyrosine 10.0 Aspartate or Glutamate 4.0 Terminal NH3+ 8.0 Terminal COOH 4.0 0.0 Α - 0.01 0.10 KCI B Volume (mL) The chromatogram above shows a typical result in the purification of TEM-1 ß-lactamase overex- pressed in E. coli cells. The protein is eluted from an anion exchange column at pH 6.25 with an increasing gradient of KCI. Fraction A is shown to correspond to native enzyme. Since Fraction B has the same amino acid sequence for the first 10 residues, the conclusion is that this fraction represents enzyme in which side chains of glutamine or asparagine residues have been hydrolyzed (deamidated). (a)( ) What is the isoelectric point of the native enzyme? (b)( ) Compared to…E Threonine 6. You have identified some intermediates in threonine synthesis: A, B, C, D and E. You grow a few of your mutants in the presence of these different intermediates to determine the order in which the gene products act. Below are your results. A (+) means growth and a (-) means no growth. Given these data, draw the best possible pathway for the synthesis of threonine. The diagram should use arrows to indicate one intermediate being changed to another intermediate. Indicate which gene produces the product responsible for the conversion by listing the mutant in that gene above the arrow. Mt1 Mt2 Mt4 Mt7What is the role of his119 in the RNase-catalyzed hydrolysis of RNA, as indicated in the Figure below? RNA -0-CH₂ Q Base His 119 H H NH His 12 -P-0-CH₂ a Base H H 3' H O 2' O-H OH O -0-P=0 It acts as a general base, abstracting a proton from the 2' hydroxyl in order to increase its nucleophilicity. It forms an H-bond with his12 in order to stabilize the transition state. It serves as a general acid, donating a proton to improve the quality of the leaving group. It works through concerted general acid-base catalysis with his 12 in order to favour the products of the reaction. Two of the above are true.
- 5. E. coli ribonuclease H1 is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphodiester bonds in RNA. Its proposed mechanism involves a 'carboxylate relay,' as shown below. His124 Asp70 || -HN-CH-C -HN-CH-C- CH2 CH2 c=0 RNA substrate HN H. H. (1) Fill the blanks. In the reaction scheme above, His124 acts as a ( ). The purpose of this relay system is to deprotonate the water molecule (II) so that it becomes a better ( :0Why is ti advantageous for a cell to expend metabolic energy to polymerize gulucose molecule.?15. An amino acid binding protein in cell membranes has been shown to bind histidine, but only histidine molecules with a net charge of +1. Calculate [His+] in 20 mM histidine solution at pH = 6.4. The pka values for histidine are a-CO2H = 1.82, side chain = 6.00, a-NH3* = 9.17. Show all your work. NH3 HO Histidine (shown in fully protonated form)