Concept explainers
To determine: The characteristics of the Initiator elements.
Introduction: The transcription is a process in which a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA. The process is catalyzed by an RNA polymerase enzyme. It is the first step of DNA based gene expression.
To determine: The characteristics of the BREs.
Introduction: Translation is a process of protein biosynthesis. In this process, the genetic code carried by mRNA is decoded to produce the polypeptide chain. The process follows transcription in which the DNA sequence is copied into an mRNA.
To determine: The characteristics of the DPEs.
Introduction: The TATA box is a sequence of DNA. It is found in the core promoter region of eukaryotes. The homolog of TATA box is present in prokaryotes and is called Pribnow box.
To determine: The characteristics of the MTEs.
Introduction: A core promoter is the region of the proximal promoter that contains the transcription start sites. It is the minimal stretch of DNA sequence that is sufficient to initiate the process of transcription.
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Concepts of Genetics (12th Edition)
- Explain the process of attenuation in the trp operon under the following conditions: (i) No tryptophan (ii) High tryptophan levelsarrow_forwardList the components of eukaryotic Pol II promoters.arrow_forwardExplain how a transcriptional fusion to a reporter gene, combined with site directed mutagenesis, can indicate key nucleotides in a regulatory region. Name one in vitro technique that can be used to further confirm the significance of these regions.arrow_forward
- As discussed in the text, promoters were originally identified as consensus sequences upstream from transcriptional start sites. What additional evidence might support the assignment of these sequences as parts of promoters?arrow_forwardEnvZ/OmpR proteins are a part of a two component signal transduction/phosphorylation system that interacts with ompC and ompF genes. Relative to each promoter, where would you predict phosphorylated OmpR would bind the ompC and ompF genes?arrow_forwardWhat is the difference between a promoter proximal element and a distal enhancer? What are the similarities?arrow_forward
- A. Based on this data, draw a conclusion about the promoter elements that Caudal specifically upregulates. B. Dr. Juven-Gershon also tested Caudal activation of core promoter sequences from twoother genes. Similar to the first experiment, one was DPE-dependent (from the E74Bgene), and the other was TATA-dependent (from the Adh gene). However, these two corepromoters lacked the BREU motif. The results from these additional core promoters areshown below. Based on these results and those shown above, propose a hypothesis thatexplains the differences in Caudal-mediated upregulation among all the different corepromoters Dr. Juven-Gershon tested. C. To test your hypothesis from Question 3B, you plan perform the same method of genereporter assays that Dr. Juven-Gershon has done. However, you will need to do somemutations to alter the core promoters. Make diagrams or clearly describe all the variouscore promoters mutants you wish to test. These include your controls, as well as any…arrow_forwardDescribe and explain the 3-D structural change to the protein (uniprotkb-p39086/gene regulator 5) upon initial binding.arrow_forwardExplain what are dispersed core promoters ?arrow_forward
- What would happen to regulation from a promoter undernegative control if the region where the regulatory proteinbinds was deleted? What if the promoter was under positivecontrol? Promoters from Escherichia coli under positivecontrol are not close matches to the promoter consensussequence for E. coli. Why?arrow_forwardWhich promoter initiates which life cycle (lysogenic & Lytic)? Mention both types of promoters and their characteristics.arrow_forwardResearch indicates that promoters may fall into one of two classes: focused or dispersed. How do these classes differ, and which genes tend to be associated with each?arrow_forward
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