(a) Interpretation: The curved arrow mechanism for the given reaction is to be explained. Concept Introduction: The reaction of carbon dioxide with water forms carbonic acid. The carbon dioxide acts as an electrophile. Lone pair of the water molecule acts as the nucleophile. The nucleophilic addition reaction takes place between carbon dioxide and water.

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Answer 1

Question

Definition Definition Class of organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group ( - COOH ) and has a general formula R - COOH or R - CO 2 H , where R refers to the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other groups. They can undergo different chemical reactions, such as acid-base reactions, esterification, and oxidation. These are essential components of living organisms, playing important roles in metabolic processes, signaling, and as pharmaceuticals.

Chapter 21, Problem 21.57AP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The curved arrow mechanism for the given reaction is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

The reaction of carbon dioxide with water forms carbonic acid. The carbon dioxide acts as an electrophile. Lone pair of the water molecule acts as the nucleophile. The nucleophilic addition reaction takes place between carbon dioxide and water.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The curved arrow mechanism for the given reaction is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

In the hydrolysis of halo lactone, Grignard reagent is used as an intermediate. The given halo lactone is first converted into alkylmagnesium halide by reaction of halo lactone with magnesium in the presence of ether. Then, the alkylmagnesium halide lactone undergoes hydrolysis in presence of acid.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The curved arrow mechanism for the given reaction is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

The ring opening of the lactone takes place in presence of ethanol and hydrogen bromide to form bromoacid. The bromoacid formed then undergoes esterification reaction to form the bromo ester compound. The esterification reaction is the reaction in which the formation of esters from acid takes place.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The curved arrow mechanism for the given reaction is to be explained and compound A is to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

The reaction of alkene with mercuric acetate and then reduction with sodium borohydride to form alcohol is known as oxymercuration-demercuration reaction. The addition of mercuric acetate to the double bond is oxymercuration. The reduction of mercury in presence of sodium borohydride is demercuration.

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The curved arrow mechanism for the given reaction is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Lactones are cyclic ester compounds. Lactones are formed by the reaction between carboxylic acid and hydroxyl group present in the same compound. The lactones have ring strucuture. Lactone formation takes place in acidic conditions.

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Answer 2

Question

Definition Definition Class of organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group ( - COOH ) and has a general formula R - COOH or R - CO 2 H , where R refers to the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other groups. They can undergo different chemical reactions, such as acid-base reactions, esterification, and oxidation. These are essential components of living organisms, playing important roles in metabolic processes, signaling, and as pharmaceuticals.

Chapter 21, Problem 21.57AP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The curved arrow mechanism for the given reaction is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

The reaction of carbon dioxide with water forms carbonic acid. The carbon dioxide acts as an electrophile. Lone pair of the water molecule acts as the nucleophile. The nucleophilic addition reaction takes place between carbon dioxide and water.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The curved arrow mechanism for the given reaction is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

In the hydrolysis of halo lactone, Grignard reagent is used as an intermediate. The given halo lactone is first converted into alkylmagnesium halide by reaction of halo lactone with magnesium in the presence of ether. Then, the alkylmagnesium halide lactone undergoes hydrolysis in presence of acid.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The curved arrow mechanism for the given reaction is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

The ring opening of the lactone takes place in presence of ethanol and hydrogen bromide to form bromoacid. The bromoacid formed then undergoes esterification reaction to form the bromo ester compound. The esterification reaction is the reaction in which the formation of esters from acid takes place.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The curved arrow mechanism for the given reaction is to be explained and compound A is to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

The reaction of alkene with mercuric acetate and then reduction with sodium borohydride to form alcohol is known as oxymercuration-demercuration reaction. The addition of mercuric acetate to the double bond is oxymercuration. The reduction of mercury in presence of sodium borohydride is demercuration.

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The curved arrow mechanism for the given reaction is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Lactones are cyclic ester compounds. Lactones are formed by the reaction between carboxylic acid and hydroxyl group present in the same compound. The lactones have ring strucuture. Lactone formation takes place in acidic conditions.

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Answer 3

Question

Definition Definition Class of organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group ( - COOH ) and has a general formula R - COOH or R - CO 2 H , where R refers to the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other groups. They can undergo different chemical reactions, such as acid-base reactions, esterification, and oxidation. These are essential components of living organisms, playing important roles in metabolic processes, signaling, and as pharmaceuticals.

Chapter 21, Problem 21.57AP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The curved arrow mechanism for the given reaction is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

The reaction of carbon dioxide with water forms carbonic acid. The carbon dioxide acts as an electrophile. Lone pair of the water molecule acts as the nucleophile. The nucleophilic addition reaction takes place between carbon dioxide and water.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The curved arrow mechanism for the given reaction is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

In the hydrolysis of halo lactone, Grignard reagent is used as an intermediate. The given halo lactone is first converted into alkylmagnesium halide by reaction of halo lactone with magnesium in the presence of ether. Then, the alkylmagnesium halide lactone undergoes hydrolysis in presence of acid.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The curved arrow mechanism for the given reaction is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

The ring opening of the lactone takes place in presence of ethanol and hydrogen bromide to form bromoacid. The bromoacid formed then undergoes esterification reaction to form the bromo ester compound. The esterification reaction is the reaction in which the formation of esters from acid takes place.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The curved arrow mechanism for the given reaction is to be explained and compound A is to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

The reaction of alkene with mercuric acetate and then reduction with sodium borohydride to form alcohol is known as oxymercuration-demercuration reaction. The addition of mercuric acetate to the double bond is oxymercuration. The reduction of mercury in presence of sodium borohydride is demercuration.

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The curved arrow mechanism for the given reaction is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Lactones are cyclic ester compounds. Lactones are formed by the reaction between carboxylic acid and hydroxyl group present in the same compound. The lactones have ring strucuture. Lactone formation takes place in acidic conditions.

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Answer 4

Question

Definition Definition Class of organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group ( - COOH ) and has a general formula R - COOH or R - CO 2 H , where R refers to the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other groups. They can undergo different chemical reactions, such as acid-base reactions, esterification, and oxidation. These are essential components of living organisms, playing important roles in metabolic processes, signaling, and as pharmaceuticals.

Chapter 21, Problem 21.57AP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The curved arrow mechanism for the given reaction is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

The reaction of carbon dioxide with water forms carbonic acid. The carbon dioxide acts as an electrophile. Lone pair of the water molecule acts as the nucleophile. The nucleophilic addition reaction takes place between carbon dioxide and water.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The curved arrow mechanism for the given reaction is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

In the hydrolysis of halo lactone, Grignard reagent is used as an intermediate. The given halo lactone is first converted into alkylmagnesium halide by reaction of halo lactone with magnesium in the presence of ether. Then, the alkylmagnesium halide lactone undergoes hydrolysis in presence of acid.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The curved arrow mechanism for the given reaction is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

The ring opening of the lactone takes place in presence of ethanol and hydrogen bromide to form bromoacid. The bromoacid formed then undergoes esterification reaction to form the bromo ester compound. The esterification reaction is the reaction in which the formation of esters from acid takes place.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The curved arrow mechanism for the given reaction is to be explained and compound A is to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

The reaction of alkene with mercuric acetate and then reduction with sodium borohydride to form alcohol is known as oxymercuration-demercuration reaction. The addition of mercuric acetate to the double bond is oxymercuration. The reduction of mercury in presence of sodium borohydride is demercuration.

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The curved arrow mechanism for the given reaction is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Lactones are cyclic ester compounds. Lactones are formed by the reaction between carboxylic acid and hydroxyl group present in the same compound. The lactones have ring strucuture. Lactone formation takes place in acidic conditions.

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Answer 5

Chapter 21, Problem 21.57AP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The curved arrow mechanism for the given reaction is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

The reaction of carbon dioxide with water forms carbonic acid. The carbon dioxide acts as an electrophile. Lone pair of the water molecule acts as the nucleophile. The nucleophilic addition reaction takes place between carbon dioxide and water.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The curved arrow mechanism for the given reaction is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

In the hydrolysis of halo lactone, Grignard reagent is used as an intermediate. The given halo lactone is first converted into alkylmagnesium halide by reaction of halo lactone with magnesium in the presence of ether. Then, the alkylmagnesium halide lactone undergoes hydrolysis in presence of acid.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The curved arrow mechanism for the given reaction is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

The ring opening of the lactone takes place in presence of ethanol and hydrogen bromide to form bromoacid. The bromoacid formed then undergoes esterification reaction to form the bromo ester compound. The esterification reaction is the reaction in which the formation of esters from acid takes place.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The curved arrow mechanism for the given reaction is to be explained and compound A is to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

The reaction of alkene with mercuric acetate and then reduction with sodium borohydride to form alcohol is known as oxymercuration-demercuration reaction. The addition of mercuric acetate to the double bond is oxymercuration. The reduction of mercury in presence of sodium borohydride is demercuration.

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The curved arrow mechanism for the given reaction is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Lactones are cyclic ester compounds. Lactones are formed by the reaction between carboxylic acid and hydroxyl group present in the same compound. The lactones have ring strucuture. Lactone formation takes place in acidic conditions.

Answer 6

Chapter 21, Problem 21.57AP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The curved arrow mechanism for the given reaction is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

The reaction of carbon dioxide with water forms carbonic acid. The carbon dioxide acts as an electrophile. Lone pair of the water molecule acts as the nucleophile. The nucleophilic addition reaction takes place between carbon dioxide and water.

Answer 7

Chapter 21, Problem 21.57AP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The curved arrow mechanism for the given reaction is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

The reaction of carbon dioxide with water forms carbonic acid. The carbon dioxide acts as an electrophile. Lone pair of the water molecule acts as the nucleophile. The nucleophilic addition reaction takes place between carbon dioxide and water.

Answer 8

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The curved arrow mechanism for the given reaction is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

In the hydrolysis of halo lactone, Grignard reagent is used as an intermediate. The given halo lactone is first converted into alkylmagnesium halide by reaction of halo lactone with magnesium in the presence of ether. Then, the alkylmagnesium halide lactone undergoes hydrolysis in presence of acid.

Answer 9

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The curved arrow mechanism for the given reaction is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

In the hydrolysis of halo lactone, Grignard reagent is used as an intermediate. The given halo lactone is first converted into alkylmagnesium halide by reaction of halo lactone with magnesium in the presence of ether. Then, the alkylmagnesium halide lactone undergoes hydrolysis in presence of acid.

Answer 10

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The curved arrow mechanism for the given reaction is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

The ring opening of the lactone takes place in presence of ethanol and hydrogen bromide to form bromoacid. The bromoacid formed then undergoes esterification reaction to form the bromo ester compound. The esterification reaction is the reaction in which the formation of esters from acid takes place.

Answer 11

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The curved arrow mechanism for the given reaction is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

The ring opening of the lactone takes place in presence of ethanol and hydrogen bromide to form bromoacid. The bromoacid formed then undergoes esterification reaction to form the bromo ester compound. The esterification reaction is the reaction in which the formation of esters from acid takes place.

Answer 12

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The curved arrow mechanism for the given reaction is to be explained and compound A is to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

The reaction of alkene with mercuric acetate and then reduction with sodium borohydride to form alcohol is known as oxymercuration-demercuration reaction. The addition of mercuric acetate to the double bond is oxymercuration. The reduction of mercury in presence of sodium borohydride is demercuration.

Answer 13

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The curved arrow mechanism for the given reaction is to be explained and compound A is to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

The reaction of alkene with mercuric acetate and then reduction with sodium borohydride to form alcohol is known as oxymercuration-demercuration reaction. The addition of mercuric acetate to the double bond is oxymercuration. The reduction of mercury in presence of sodium borohydride is demercuration.

Answer 14

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The curved arrow mechanism for the given reaction is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Lactones are cyclic ester compounds. Lactones are formed by the reaction between carboxylic acid and hydroxyl group present in the same compound. The lactones have ring strucuture. Lactone formation takes place in acidic conditions.

Answer 15

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The curved arrow mechanism for the given reaction is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Lactones are cyclic ester compounds. Lactones are formed by the reaction between carboxylic acid and hydroxyl group present in the same compound. The lactones have ring strucuture. Lactone formation takes place in acidic conditions.

Answer 16

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Answer 17

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Answer 18

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Answer 19

Ch. 21 - Prob. 21.1P Ch. 21 - Prob. 21.2P Ch. 21 - Prob. 21.3P Ch. 21 - Prob. 21.4P Ch. 21 - Prob. 21.5P Ch. 21 - Prob. 21.6P Ch. 21 - Prob. 21.7P Ch. 21 - Prob. 21.8P Ch. 21 - Prob. 21.9P Ch. 21 - Prob. 21.10P

Solution Summary: The author explains the curved arrow mechanism for the given reaction.

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Chapter 21 Solutions