Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Course List)
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781305251052
Author: Michael Cummings
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 3, Problem 6QP
a.
Summary Introduction
To determine: The predicted genotypic ratio of the offspring produced between the cross of a parent with genotype Aa × aa.
Introduction: The alleles are inherited from the parents into the offsprings. The genotypic ratio represents the alleles that constitute the offspring while the
b.
Summary Introduction
To determine: The predicted genotypic ratio of the offspring produced between the cross of a parent with genotype Aa × Aa.
Introduction: The alleles are two variants of a gene. They are inherited from the parents to the offsprings. The genotypic ratio represents the alleles that constitute the offspring while the phenotypic ratio represents the external features of the offspring.
c.
Summary Introduction
To determine: The predicted genotypic ratio of the offspring produced between the cross of a parent with genotype AA × Aa
Introduction: The genotypic ratio is a means to represent the composition of the alleles that constitute the offspring while the phenotypic ratio represents the external characteristics expressed by the offspring.
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Students have asked these similar questions
Chi-square Test
In the pea plants use by Gregor Mendel in his study, the purple flower color is dominant over white,and the axial position on a branch is dominant over terminal. A plant believed to be heterozygouswas selfed and produced flowers with the following phenotypes:
23 white terminal68 white axial81 purple terminal187 purple axial
a. assign alleles to the different traitspurple __________ axial ___________white ___________ terminal _______
b. refer to the image attached
Solve this problem using the rules of probability instead of Punnet squares, bifurcation forks, or mental visualization.
Flower position, stem length, and seed shape were three of the traits that Mendel studied. Each is controlled by an independently assorting gene and has dominant and recessive expression as follows:
• Axial inflorescence (flowers originate along the stems) is dominant over terminal (flowers on top of the stem).
Long (“tall") stem is dominant over short stem (“dwarf").
• Round seed is dominant over wrinkled.
Let's use the symbols Fa/fa for genes determining axial vs. terminal (fa from "false umbel," a type of inflorescence); Le/le for tall vs. dwarf (le is for length); R/r for round vs. wrinkled seeds (the Latin word
rugosus means wrinkled).
Notice that the phenotype "tall plant" may be conferred by the genotype Lele or Lele; this can be abbreviated as Le-, where the dash represents the alternative allele. The homozygous lele will show the
recessive phenotype. Since…
a. State a hypothesis explaining the inheritance
of flower color in painted tongues.
b. Assign genotypes to the parents, F₁ progeny,
and F2 progeny for all five crosses.
c. In a cross between true-breeding yellow and
true-breeding lavender plants, all of the F1
progeny are bronze. If you used F₁ plants to
produce and F2 generation, what phenotypes in
what ratios would you expect? Are there any
genotypes that might produce a phenotype
that you cannot predict from earlier
experiments, and if so, how might this alter the
phenotypic ratios among the F2 progeny?
Chapter 3 Solutions
Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 3.4 - Why do scientists design experiments to disprove...Ch. 3.4 - Should Ockhams razor be considered an irrefutable...Ch. 3.7 - Prob. 1EGCh. 3.7 - For most cases, a p value of 0.05 is used to...Ch. 3 - Prob. 1CSCh. 3 - Prob. 2CSCh. 3 - Prob. 3CSCh. 3 - Prob. 1QPCh. 3 - Crossing Pea Plants: Mendels Study of Single...Ch. 3 - Crossing Pea Plants: Mendels Study of Single...
Ch. 3 - Prob. 4QPCh. 3 - Crossing Pea Plants: Mendels Study of Single...Ch. 3 - Prob. 6QPCh. 3 - Crossing Pea Plants: Mendels Study of Single...Ch. 3 - Crossing Pea Plants: Mendels Study of Single...Ch. 3 - Crossing Pea Plants: Mendels Study of Single...Ch. 3 - Crossing Pea Plants: Mendels Study of Single...Ch. 3 - Crossing Pea Plants: Mendels Study of Single...Ch. 3 - More Crosses with Pea Plants: The Principle of...Ch. 3 - More Crosses with Pea Plants: The Principle of...Ch. 3 - Prob. 14QPCh. 3 - More Crosses with Pea Plants: The Principle of...Ch. 3 - More Crosses with Pea Plants: The Principle of...Ch. 3 - Prob. 17QPCh. 3 - More Crosses with Pea Plants: The Principle of...Ch. 3 - More Crosses with Pea Plants: The Principle of...Ch. 3 - More Crosses with Pea Plants: The Principle of...Ch. 3 - More Crosses with Pea Plants: The Principle of...Ch. 3 - More Crosses with Pea Plants: The Principle of...Ch. 3 - Meiosis Explains Mendels Results: Genes Are on...Ch. 3 - Meiosis Explains Mendels Results: Genes Are on...Ch. 3 - Meiosis Explains Mendels Results: Genes Are on...Ch. 3 - Prob. 26QPCh. 3 - Prob. 27QPCh. 3 - Variations on a Theme by Mendel A characteristic...Ch. 3 - Prob. 29QPCh. 3 - Variations on a Theme by Mendel Pea plants usually...Ch. 3 - Prob. 31QPCh. 3 - Prob. 32QPCh. 3 - Prob. 33QPCh. 3 - Prob. 34QPCh. 3 - Prob. 35QPCh. 3 - Prob. 36QP
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- Mendel performs a cross using a true-breeding pea plant with round, yellow seeds and a true- breeding pea plant with green, wrinkled seeds. What is the probability that offspring will have green, round seeds? Calculate the probability for the F1 and F2 generations.arrow_forwardCrossing Pea Plants: Mendels Study of Single Traits Stem length in pea plants is controlled by a single gene. Consider the cross of a true-breeding long-stemmed variety to a true-breeding short-stemmed variety in which long stems are completely dominant. a. If 120 F1 plants are examined, how many plants are expected to be long stemmed? Short stemmed? b. Assign genotypes to both P1 varieties and to all phenotypes listed in (a). c. A long-stemmed F1 plant is self-crossed. Of 300 F2 plants, how many should be long stemmed? Short stemmed? d. For the F2 plants mentioned in (c), what is the expected genotypic ratio?arrow_forwardMore Crosses with Pea Plants: The Principle of Independent Assortment Determine the possible genotypes of the following parents by analyzing the phenotypes of their children. In this case, we will assume that brown eyes (B) is dominant to blue (b) and that right-handedness (R) is dominant to left-handedness (r). a. Parents: brown eyes, right-handed brown eyes, right-handed Offspring: 3/4 brown eyes, right-handed 1/4 blue eyes, right-handed b. Parents: brown eyes, right-handed blue eyes, right-handed Offspring: 6/16 blue eyes, right-handed 2/16 blue eyes, left-handed 6/16 brown eyes, right-handed 2/16 brown eyes, left-handed c. Parents: brown eyes, right-handed blue eyes, left-handed Offspring: 1/4 brown eyes, right-handed 1/4 brown eyes, left-handed 1/4 blue eyes, right-handed 1/4 blue eyes, left-handedarrow_forward
- More Crosses with Pea Plants: The Principle of Independent Assortment Two traits are examined simultaneously in a cross of two pure-breeding pea-plant varieties. Pod shape can be either swollen or pinched. Pea color can be either green or yellow. A plant with the traits swollen and green is crossed with a plant with the traits pinched and yellow, and a resulting F1 plant is self-crossed. A total of 640 F2 progeny are phenotypically categorized as follows: 360 swollen yellow 120 swollen green 120 pinched yellow 40 pinched green a. What is the phenotypic ratio observed for pod shape? Pea color? b. What is the phenotypic ratio observed for both traits considered together? c. What is the dominance relationship for pod shape? Pea color? d. Deduce the genotypes of the P1 and F1 generations.arrow_forwardMendel is growing flowers. Pure red flowers have a pair of R genes. Pure whiteflowers have a pair of w genes. Red is dominant to white.(a) Write the Punnett square with a pure red parent cross-fertilized with a pure white parent.(b) Write a second Punnett square of the offspring of the preceeding question cross-fertilizedwith a pure white flower.(c) What is the probability that a flower from the second fertilization is pure white? (Writethe probability as a fraction in reduced form.)arrow_forwardUsing Punnett Squares to Understand Inheritance Scenario 2: A truebreeding brown mouse is repeatedly mated with a true-breeding tan mouse, and all their offspring are tan. If two of these tan offspring from the F1 generation are mated, what fraction of the F2 mice will be tan? O They would all be brown O 1/2 O o 1/4 O 3/4 O Oarrow_forward
- Mendel examined two distinct flower phenotypes in his pea plants. Flower color and flower position. The violet color (W) is dominant over the white color (w), and the axial position (T) is dominant over terminal (t). Predict the F1 ratios of these phenotypes from a parent heterozygous for both traits and the other parent homozygous recessive for both traits. Show your work. Flower color Flower position violet/white axial/terminalarrow_forwardtype P = n! (p)* (q)"* х! (n - х)! Practice Problem: You cross a true-breeding pea plant with red flowers to a true-breeding pea plant with white flowers. All of your offspring have red flowers. Which gene is dominant? Why? What is the genotype of your offspring? You then cross the offspring to each other. What ratio do you expect? Why? You count 1000 plants and look at their flowers. Your results are as follows: 740 red 260 white Does this follow a simple Mendelian inheritance pattern? Why or why not? DADT 2 MEA SUDI ND D LUT IONSarrow_forwardDiscuss why Mendel's hybrid offspring begin to exhibit the original traits expressed by the P1 generation or the pure-breeding parents used in the original cross. What would happen if the hybrid offspring were allowed to breed without interference from Mendel for an extended period of time and the different ways plants can breed.arrow_forward
- Work out the Chi-Squared Goodness of Fit for Mendel's actual data on stem length: "Expt. 7: Length of stem. –– Out of 1,064 plants, in 787 cases the stem was long, and in 277 short. Hence a mutual ratio of 2.84:1. In this experiment the dwarfed plants were carefully lifted and transferred to a special bed. This precaution was necessary, as otherwise they would have perished through being overgrown by their tall relatives. Even in their quite young state they can be easily picked out by their compact growth and thick dark–green foliage." F2: O E O-E (O-E)^2 (O-E)^2/E # short 277 266 11 121 0.455 # tall 787 798 -11 121 0.152 sums: 1,064 1064 0.607 degrees of freedom = 2-1=1 Chi-squared value = .607 p-value: 0.25 < p < 0.50 Work out the Chi-Squared Goodness of Fit for Mendel's actual data on flower position: "Expt. 6: Position of flowers. –– Among 858 cases 651…arrow_forwardHelp mearrow_forwardOne Trait (Monohybrid) Crosses-Complete Dominance 1. In peas, inflated pod is dominant over wrinkled. If a homozygous inflated pod plant is crossed with a homozygous wrinkled pod plant, what will be the F₂ phenotypic ratio? 2. A tall pea plant crossed with a dwarf pea plant produces offspring of which about half are tall and half are dwarf. What are the genotypes of: a. the tall parent b. the dwarf parent 3. What does "test cross" or "backcross" mean?arrow_forward
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