Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
4th Edition
ISBN: 9781305389892
Author: Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Textbook Question
Chapter 8.3, Problem 2SB
How many molecules of carbon dioxide must enter the Calvin cycle for a plant to produce a sugar containing 12 carbon atoms? How many ATP and NADPH molecules would be required to make that molecule?
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The Calvin cycle, the "dark reaction" or Carbon fixation reactions of photosynthesis, cannot occur at night in a living plant. Which of the following best describes why this is true?
A) The stomata are incapable of opening at night, thus CO2 cannot enter the leaf
B) The reactions of the Calvin cycle are dependent on light reactions for high-energy compounds
C) Several enxymes necessary for Calvin cycle activity have been degraded during the day and must be replaced
D) Light is required to transport the water necessary for the cycle
E) Cooler temperatures at night slow enzyme activity and rates of substrate diffusion
How many water molecules have to be split as part of the light reactions to produce
enough ATP and NADPH for the Calvin cycle to produce one molecule of
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
(G3P)?
STROMA
(low H+ concentration)
Light
THYLAKOID SPACE
(high H+ concentration)
STROMA
(low H+ concentration)
Photosystem II
4 H+
H₂O
1 1/2 0₂
+2 H+
Thylakoid
membrane
Cytochrome
complex Light
Pq
4 H+
Photosystem I
Pc
ATP
synthase
ADP
+
H+
Fd
M
ATP
NADP+
reductase
NADP+ + H+
NADPH
To
Calvin
Cycle
What happens during the carbon fixation stage of the Calvin Cycle (light-indepedent reactions)?
Energy from ATP and electrons from NADPH are used to reduce 3-phosphoglycerate to form G3P molecules (which can
be used to form other organic molecules such as glucose)
Oxygen is produced through this process
The remaining G3P molecules that have exited the cycle are used to re-form RuBP through a series of chemical
reactions, so that the Calvin cycle can continue.
The enzyme Rubisco attaches to RuBP, causing the formation of molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate
Chapter 8 Solutions
Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 8.1 - What are the two stages of photosynthesis?Ch. 8.1 - In which organelle does photosynthesis take place...Ch. 8.2 - What is the difference in function between the...Ch. 8.2 - Prob. 2SBCh. 8.2 - What is the difference between the linear electron...Ch. 8.3 - What is the reaction that rubisco catalyzes? Why...Ch. 8.3 - How many molecules of carbon dioxide must enter...Ch. 8.4 - Prob. 1SBCh. 8.4 - Prob. 2SBCh. 8.4 - How are carbon fixation and the Calvin cycle...
Ch. 8.5 - How are the reactants and products of...Ch. 8 - An organism exists for long periods by using only...Ch. 8 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 8 - Which of the following is a correct step in the...Ch. 8 - Prob. 4TYKCh. 8 - Prob. 5TYKCh. 8 - Which of the following statements about the C4...Ch. 8 - Prob. 7TYKCh. 8 - The oxygen released by photosynthesis comes from:...Ch. 8 - You bite into a spinach leaf. Which one of the...Ch. 8 - Animal metabolism and plant metabolism are related...Ch. 8 - Discuss Concepts Suppose a garden in your...Ch. 8 - Prob. 12TYKCh. 8 - Discuss Concepts Like other accessory pigments,...Ch. 8 - Prob. 14TYKCh. 8 - Prob. 15TYKCh. 8 - Prob. 16TYKCh. 8 - Photosynthesis directly opposes respiration in...Ch. 8 - Prob. 2ITDCh. 8 - Prob. 3ITDCh. 8 - Prob. 4ITD
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- What is the molecule that leaves the Calvin cycle to be converted into glucose? a. ADP b. G3P c. RuBP d. 3-PGAarrow_forwardWhich part of the Calvin cycle would be affected if a cell could not produce the enzyme RuBIsCO?arrow_forwardCarbon fixation in plants is catalyzed by what enzyme? What is the name given to an organism (plant, bacteria or algae) that can produce its own food from organic molecules specifically by using photosynthesis? Which molecule leaves the Calvin cycle to be converted into glucose? What is the overall purpose of cellular respiration in photosynthetic organisms? In which plant organ does photosynthesis most commonly occur? Question options: the root the stem the leaf the flowerarrow_forward
- What are the stages of the Calvin-Benson cycle? Select all that apply. The resulting unstable six-carbon molecule splits into two three-carbon molecules of PGA. ATP and NADPH are used to convert PGA molecules to PGAL. Most of the PGAL is used to regenerate RuBP, but some is exported to the cytoplasm to produce carbohydrates. Rubisco attaches CO2 to a five-carbon organic compound called RuBP. Rubisco is used to convert PGA molecules to PGAL.arrow_forwardTypically the CO2 necessary for photosynthesis enters through the stomata of the plant leaves suppose petroleum jelly was used to coat the leaves out of this tomato blocked or closed a) what effect will this have on the light reactions in these leaf cells b) what effect will this have on the Calvin cycle in these leaf cellsarrow_forwardWhich of the following are outputs of the Calvin cycle? Choose all that apply. ATP water carbon dioxide gas ADP+P G3P (precursor to glucose) NADPH NADP+ oxygen gas sunlightarrow_forward
- Plants have evolved by developing mechanisms that promote entry of CO, into the Calvin Cycle (CC) to limit photorespiration when environmental conditions tend to favor the latter. This is because photorespiration 1) is energetically inefficient (consuming more ATP than the CC alone) and 2) it does not produce any sugars that can be "fed" into cellular respiration to produce lots more ATP. A) Under what environmental conditions does photorespiration "outcompete" that of the CC? Specifically, what mechanism is responsible for committing the cell to photorespiration and what type of plant does not have any "safeguards" to ensure that the CC is performed rather than photorespiration? B) Describe the mechanisms employed by two types of plants to minimize photorespiration and ensure that the CC is carried out even when environmental conditions are not in their favor. Be sure to identify 1) the type of plant, 2) its natural environment and how it affects the plant's ability to perform the CC,…arrow_forwardWhat process or processes produce the proton gradient that powers ATP synthase in chloroplasts? (Select ALL correct answers) Protons are produced when water is split Protons are produced when NADP+ is reduced A proton pump uses light energy to move protons into the thylakoid space A proton pump uses energy from the electron transport chain to move protons into the thylakoid spacearrow_forwardWhich of the following are inputs of the Calvin Cycle? Choose all that apply. sunlight oxygen gas water G3P (precursor to glucose) carbon dioxide gas NADPH ADP+P NADP+ O ATParrow_forward
- During what stage of the Calvin cycle are hexose sugars formed? stage 4 stage 1 stage 5 stage 2 stage 3arrow_forwardIn the Calvin cycle, what is the name of the enzyme that attaches a molecule of carbon dioxide to the 5-carbon molecule called ribulose bisphosphate? Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate Ribulose bisphosphate oxygenase Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase, also known as RuBisCO 3-PGA carboxylasearrow_forwardIdentify the correct compound to create a chemical equation that represents Photosynthesis. + Drag and drop the right reactants and products of the Light Dependent and Light Independent (aka Dark) Reactions. Chloroplast NADPH NADP+ ADP Water - H20 Calvin Cycle Glucose - C6H1206 ATP Light Reaction Thylakoids Stroma O2 Carbon Dioxide CO2 Identify the reactants and products that are used and given off by plants and animals.arrow_forward
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