Mutations leading to changes that can be inherited by the next generation have be introduced at the _____ level. tRNA rRNA mRNA protein DNA
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- explain the statement Duplications Provide Extra Gene CopiesThat Can Acquire New FunctionsHow are mutagenic agentsrelated to cancer incidence ina population? Is cancer adisease transmitted to theindividual offspring?What phenotypes do you think a homozygous tra1hsn animal with a loss of function Egl-1 mutation would have.
- A rare dominant mutation expressed at birth was studiedin humans. Records showed that six cases were discoveredin 40,000 live births. Family histories revealed that in twocases, the mutation was already present in one of the parents.Calculate the spontaneous mutation rate for this mutation.What are some underlying assumptions that may affect ourconclusions?Explain whether a cancercausing mutation in a tumorsuppressor gene, such as p53,is more likely to be a recessive ora dominant mutation.2 3 inte tion of Lormhda. ne att si ucated betwee de ne att sites and go ns one te n vacter aged ot utilize doot ractose ato la t don s gal* uc Integration to form prophage om SOward cor coct some cro on! ni imple ex 2 3 bio* gal* 14. The figure provided portrays the integration of Lambda phage into a host chromosome at the att site, located between the gal+ and bio+ genes. This prophage may disintegrate from the host carrying with it host genes, such as gal+ and/or bio+ and go on to transduce another host bacterium. How would one determine if a gal- host bacterium's phenotype was changed from gal- to gal+? To clarify, the minus version cannot utilize galactose as a carbon source for growth because it does not produce galactase, the enzyme that hydrolyzes galactose into monomeric sugars. There is a straight forward answer/solution to this – do not concoct some crazy solution! Think simple experiment.
- List examples of the efects of chromosomal mutations in humans.The photos below show flowers from two Arabidopsis plants. The plant on the left is wild-type (unmutated); the other carries a mutation that causes its flowers to have sepals and petals instead of stamens and carpels. The mutation inactivated one of the plant's ABC floral identity genes. Refer to Figure 10.8 and decide which gene (A, B, or C) has been inactivated.Enhanced Spatial Learning in Mice With an Autism Mutation Autism is a neurobiological disorder with symptoms that include impaired social interactions and stereotyped patterns of behavior. Around 10 percent of autistic people have an extraordinary skill or talent such as greatly enhanced memory. Mutations in neuroligin 3, an adhesion protein that connects brain cells to one another, have been associated with autism. One mutation changes amino acid 451 from arginine to cysteine. In 2007, Katsuhiko Tabuchi and his colleagues genetically modified mice to carry the same arginine-to-cysteine substitution in their neuroligin 3. Mice with the mutation had impaired social behavior. To test spatial learning ability, the mice were placed in a water maze: a deep pool of warm water in which a platform is submerged a few millimeters below the surface. The platform is not visible to swimming mice. Mice do not particularly enjoy swimming, so they locate a hidden platform as fast as they can. When tested again, they can remember its location by checking visual cues around the edge of the pool. How quickly they remember the platforms location is a measure of spatial learning ability (FIGURE 15.18). FIGURE 15.18 spatial learning ability in mica mutation in neuroligin 3 (R451C), compared with unmodified (wild-type) mica. 1. In the first, how many days did it take unmodified mice to learn to find the location of the hidden platform within 10 seconds?
- The family of a sixth-grade boy in Palo Alto, California, wasinformed by school administrators that he would have to transferout of his middle school because they believed his mutation ofthe CFTR gene, which does not produce any symptoms associatedwith cystic fibrosis, posed a risk to other students at the schoolwho have cystic fibrosis. After missing 11 days of school, a settlementwas reached to have the boy return to school. What ethicalproblems might you associate with this example?With this gene provided: MuPKS c.1949 C>T (p.R644W) Please provide the following; 1. Name of the gene 2. Location of the nucleotide change 3. Nucleotides that are changed 4. Type of mutation 5. Amino acid change 6. Location of the amino acid changeo How can recombination cause gene duplication describe one example of a how a gene duplicationcould be advantageous and afforded the organism either a new dietor a new environment. describe one example of how gene duplication cancause disease.
