What is the medial forebrain bundle? Discuss the evidence for and against its involvement in reward. In addition, review the evidence showing that the brain’s dopamine pathways are critically involved in pleasure and reward. Please include peer reviewed references.
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What is the medial forebrain bundle? Discuss the evidence for and against its involvement in reward. In addition, review the evidence showing that the brain’s dopamine pathways are critically involved in pleasure and reward. Please include peer reviewed references.
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- What is Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)? What connection does it have to exercise, nature and cellphones?Outline the neurochemical transmission and inhibition of pain. Then using the gate-control theory, devise a plan to minimize pain during your next visit to the dentist.Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs that can alleviate symptoms of depression by blocking the reuptake of serotonin (5-HT) from the synaptic cleft, thereby increasing the amount of time that 5-HT remains active. Elevated levels of 5-HT within the synapse are associated with feelings of well-being; conversely, low levels of 5-HT are correlated with depressive symptoms. Recent studies have shown that SSRIs can also mediate their antidepressant effects by increasing brain levels of certain cytokines, including interferon gamma (IFNY). IFNY directly induces the expression of the protein p11 in neighboring neurons, which then interacts with 5-HTR4, a 5-HT transmembrane receptor. Figures 1 and 2 provide information about this interaction. 5-HTR4 protein (% of WT) expression CAMP levels (% change control) from 120T 100+ 80+ 60+ 40+ 20+ 0 MEM TOT Figure 1 5-HTR4 protein expression in plasma membrane-enriched fraction (MEM) of hippocampal lysate and in total hippocampal…
- Identify two neural pathways in the brain that use dopamine as a neurotransmitter, andexplain their significance.Describe brain imaging evidence for localization of function. Describe experiments thatinvolved looking at still pictures and that involved looking at movies. What does eachtype of experiment tell us about localization of function?In PET scans, red areas are brain regions that are most active, while blue, yellow, and green areas are least active. Figure 13.24 shows PET scans of normal brain activity (left) and (right) of the brain of a person while using cocaine. The frontal lobes of the brain hemispheres are toward the top of the scans. Their neurons play major roles in reasoning and other intellectual functions. Looking at these scan images, how do you suppose cocaine may affect mental functioning?
- STAC: The Scaffolding Theory of Aging and Cognition proposed in 2009 is a conceptual model of neuroimaging to explain how the combined effects of adverse and compensatory neutral processe produce varying levels of cognitive function. [ P QUESTION 22 Which one is not the best way to describe necessary "threshold" as "sensitivity" declines with age? Individuals with lower sensitivity also have a lower threshold or tolerance for stimulation. O As sensitivity goes down, the threshold must be higher to compensate. Individuals with a low-sensitivity, need more stimulation than people with high-sensitivity. none of the above QUESTION 23How might Jean Piaget have explained differences in intellectual functioning between children with intellectual disability and children without intellectual disability? How might information-processing psychologists explain these differences?Alzheimer’s disease is thought to cause a DECREASE in the amount of acetylcholine (ACH) being released into the synaptic cleft in specific parts of the brain. What would be a possible treatment for this disease? (So basically- what would be a possible way to increase the amount of ACH in the synaptic cleft?)
- Parkinson's disease affects the cerebral basal ganglia, resulting in tremors in limbs, slowness in beginning and completing movements, and other abnormalities of muscle control. Explain what the root cause of Parkinson's disease is (where, what is happening and what symptoms are seen). A treatment option is Dopamine, that usually fails. Propose a reason why this treatment fails. Propose a biomedical device intervention that you could use to control symptoms and how it works.Briefly describe our brain's mesolimbic dopamine system. (A) Which brain structures are involved in this system? (B) What type of behavior does it regulate? (C) Even though social media (or video games and the like) isn't something ingested, do you think this system is involved in our social media behavior? Or do you think something else is involved? Please provide a brief, but specific response. Answer as much as you can please!!!!!!! Thank you!!!!!!Which of the following statements best describes the axonal projection patterns of upper motoneurons located in the primary motor cortex? Upper motoneurons located in the primary motor cortex are cholinergic and their axons project directly to muscle fibres to control voluntary muscle movements. Upper motoneurons located in the primary motor cortex are glutamatergic and their axons project to the thalamus, brain stem and directly to muscle fibres to control voluntary muscle movements. Upper motoneurons located in the primary motor cortex project to the spinal cord where they synapse with cholinergic lower motoneurons that control voluntary muscle movements. Upper motoneurons located in the primary motor cortex project to neurons in the cerebellum, thalamus and brain stem that in turn contact lower motoneurons in the spinal cord to control voluntary muscle movements.