Concept explainers
Interpretation:
Referring to problem 13.62, assuming that Markovnikov’s rule is followed, the structure which is formed has to be predicted and also the structure of carbocation involved as an intermediate has to be drawn.
Concept Introduction:
Addition reaction: A general reaction type in which a substance X-Y adds to the multiple bond of an unsaturated reactant to yield a saturated product that has only single bonds.
Hydrohalogenation (Addition of hydrogen halide to
Markovnikov’s rule: In the addition of
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionChapter 13 Solutions
Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry (8th Edition)
- Hemoglobin is considered to be a tetrameric complex with a 64 kDa (α β)2. When attempting to purify hemoglobin, we must first purify the α and β monomers (about 16 kDa each) to prepare the tetramer. This is formed from the dimer intermediate: 2 α + 2 β -> 2 αβ -> (α β)2. The graph given represents a size-exclusion chromatogram after the refolding of the hemoglobin tetramer Using the size-exclusion chromatogram given, 1. Draw an SDS-Page Gel with a reducing agent such as BME using the three peaks listed on the graph.arrow_forwardIndicate whether each of the following pairs of sugars consists of anomers , epimers , or an aldose–ketose pair: (a) D - glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone (b) D -glucose and D -mannose (c) D -glucose and D -fructose (d) α - D -glucose and β - D -glucose (e) D -ribose and D - ribulose (f) D - galactose and D -glucosearrow_forwardComplete the following table by providing the Fischer and Haworth Projections of the given sugars. (Please be careful with the alpha and beta, and the complete and abbreviated) (not a graded question) Sugar Fischer Projection Haworth Projection (Complete) alpha-anomer Haworth Projection (Abbreviated) beta-anomer L-Galactose L-Fructosearrow_forward
- Following are Fischer projections for a group of five-carbon sugars, all of which are aldopentoses. Identify the pairs that are enantiomers and the pairs that are epimers. (The sugars shown here are not all of the possible five-carbon sugars.) 1 СНО 2 СНО СНО Н-С—ОН Н-С—ОН Н—С—ОН Н-С—ОН НО —С—Н Н-С—ОН Н- С—ОН НО—С— Н НО—С—Н CH̟OH CH̟OH ČH̟OH в iоchemistry |61 STATE ATION Republic of the Philippines Romblon State University Romblan, Philippines 4 СНО 5 СНО 6 СНО НО—С—Н Н-С—ОН НО -С—Н Н—С—ОН НО -С—Н НО -С—Н H-C–OH Н-С—ОН НО—С—Н CH,OH ČH,OH CH,OHarrow_forwardFollowing are structural formulas for cytosine and thymine. Draw two additional tautomeric forms for cytosine and three additional tautomeric forms for thymine.arrow_forwardDraw the two possible Haworth structures (both alpha and beta anomers) for the following monosaccharides and give their corresponding systematic names. [Show the stepwise process] D-Ribose D-Galactose D- Fructose Draw the structure and give the systematic name of the given disaccharides. [No need to show the stepwise process] Lactose which is also known as milk sugar: β-D-Gal(1à4)β-D-Glc, where Gal is galactose and Glc is glucose. Sucrose which is also known as table sugar: a-D-Glc (1-->2) b-D-Fru where Glc is glucose and Fru is fructose. Draw the structure of cellulose and amylose and state their structural similarities and differences.arrow_forward
- D- and L- designations are used to distinguish between the two possible enantiomers of the monosaccharide, galactose. From the Fischer projection, determine the designation of this monosaccharide.arrow_forwardNaturally occurring D-glucose is one of a pair of enantiomers. Its mirror image is L-glucose. Draw the two cyclic six-membered isomers of L-glucose that differ in the configuration around C1 and indicate which is a and which is B.arrow_forwardthis drug contains one or more building blocks derived from either ethylene oxide or epichlorohydrin.Identify the part of each molecule that can be derived from one or the other of the building block and propose structural formulas for the nucleophile(s) that can be used along with either ethylene oxide or epichlorohydrin to synthesize each molecule.arrow_forward
- b) The above molecule may be further converted into a polymer with similar molecular structure to that of polyester. Describe the conditions of this process and write down the reaction for each step.arrow_forwardPropose a mechanism for the conversion of (C) to (D). (Note: It is not acceptable to propose a primary carbocation as an intermediate.)arrow_forwardWhat does the term achiral mean? Give two examples.arrow_forward